98 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1959 
methods used in evaluating observational data. He developed 
new methods, based on cellestial mechanics, for inferring the 
density of the upper atmosphere from the motions of artificial 
satellites, and derived a value much higher than previous estimates. 
At an altitude of 220 km the density was found to be about 4.01078 
gm/cm *, and at 368 km the value was about 1410-4 gm/cm, These 
methods for developing satellite data have particular importance be- 
cause the satellites provide our only reliable source of information 
about the upper atmosphere. This knowledge, in turn, will augment 
our understanding of solar-terrestrial relationships. Dr. Sterne has 
also studied the theories and the types of reasoning involved in 
cosmology, to evaluate the probable reliability of our knowledge of 
the universe and its origin, and to compare the relative merits of 
various observational approaches. 
Dr. J. Allen Hynek and George J. Neilson began a series of balloon 
experiments in cooperation with Col. David G. Simons of the Aero 
Medical Field Laboratory at Holloman Air Force Base, the Winzen 
Laboratories of Minneapolis, and the Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology Instrumentation Laboratories. This program will deter- 
mine the feasibility of using a stabilized platform system in balloons 
designed for high-altitude observations. Two types of experiments 
are planned: (1) Unmanned balloons will carry a radio-controlled 
stabilization system for stellar observations made at altitudes up to 
50,000 feet. (2) Manned balloons will carry a different type of stabili- 
zation system, controlled by an observer and a navigator (U.S. Air 
Force pilot) riding in the balloon gondola. They will attempt to 
make stellar observations at altitudes up to 85,000 feet, and, eventually, 
from beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Both stabilization systems have 
now been developed and built by the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
nology Instrumentation Laboratories. Preliminary tests and prepara- 
tions have been made. Two observers, Mr. Neilson and William 
White, have been checked for physical fitness for flights up to 80,000 
feet. The first launching of the unmanned balloon has been fixed for 
the fall of 1959. 
The Director and Robert J. Davis completed the design of a tele- 
scope for use in space. The instrument will include an optical system, 
a detecting device, circuits to amplify and modify the output signal 
of the detecting device, and the auxiliary circuits necessary to protect 
the instrument from the effects of direct sunlight. Fitted into a socket 
in a “stable platform” within a satellite, the telescope will obtain 
important astrophysical data. The chief goals at present include an 
ultraviolet survey of the sky in three wavelength regions, and spec- 
troscopic studies of particular celestial objects. Completion of the 
project will require about 3 years. 
