476 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1959 
reached 90 to 120 per minute, and from the fifth to the sixth days it 
was very weak and thready. The cough, which had appeared, in- 
creased with the rise in temperature, but subsided on the 11th day after 
the onset of symptoms. His sputum increased in quantity, and on 
the fifth and sixth days it was tinged with blood. Perhaps one of 
the most interesting and biologically important findings was his 
discovery of Ascaris larvae in his sputum, despite the fact that he was 
seriously ill at the time the larvae became abundant there. The larvae 
first appeared on the third day and their number increased very 
sharply by the fifth day, when he counted 178 worms in 155 ce. of 
sputum. At this time his condition became so serious that he had to 
interrupt the collection of sputum for 2 days. By the 8th day the 
number of larvae in the sputum decreased to 16 and continued to 
decrease until none was found by the 11th day. The total number 
of larvae that he was able to count in the sputum was 212. Unlike 
what he observed in his brother, his liver was palpable the fourth 
day. It retained its enlarged size until the 10th day, and 2 days 
later it was scarcely palpable. 
Fifty days after experimental inoculation, each of these human 
volunteers received an anthelmintic. WKoino’s brother, who had been 
inoculated with pig Ascaris eggs, eliminated no worms following this 
medication. Koino himself passed 667 worms, 3 to 8 cm. long. The 
experimenter concluded that both the human and pigs strains of 
Ascaris migrate after hatching, reach the lungs, and produce 
symptoms of pneumonia. 
It is evident from the foregoing account that the pulmonary and 
other symptoms observed by Koino were due to the invasion of the 
liver and lungs by the migrating larvae. The onset of the symptoms, 
the time when they attained a high degree of severity, and the time 
of their remission are in harmony with the known facts regarding 
the invasion of and accumulation of larvae in the liver and lungs, and 
their exit from the respiratory tract in small mammals used in labora- 
tory experiments, in pigs, and in other mammals. The fact that 
Koino’s brother, unlike Koino himself, passed no worms following 
anthelmintic medication, despite the fact that the eggs he ingested 
evidently hatched and the larvae followed their usual migratory path 
in his body, is in harmony with the knowledge that the hepatic-pul- 
monary development of the human and pig Ascaris and of related 
species involves no host specificity but can take place in almost any 
mammal. 
BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN AND PIG ASCARIS 
Koino’s experiments afford evidence in favor of the view that the 
human and pig Ascaris are biologically distinct, despite the fact that 
