586 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1959 
up a copy of the first record and rearranging and pinning together the 
pieces containing the information (type of object, coordinates, and 
level, as well as the number) pertaining to all objects found within 
the same one-quarter square meter in the field. From these slips there 
is written a record showing for each section the implements found 
there, and the pieces of flint, the bones, bark, charcoal, nut shells, 
and other remains—each category separately. 
The bone fragments represent a chapter of their own. They are 
examined at the Zoological Museum, where they are carefully studied 
to determine the animals from which they originated. At the same 
time there is an opportunity to make a number of other observations, 
e.g., as to where the bones had been cut, or how they had been 
broken in order to extract the marrow. Though the bone finds have 
been entered in the main numerical and locality records, it is neces- 
sary, when identifications have been completed, to make another 
numerical record and one arranged according to species of animals. 
DRAWING OF SECTIONS 
The measurements of the peat walls made during the excavations 
have to be redrawn on grid paper with a pencil to form the basis for 
later drawings in india ink. Three copies of each section are made: 
One on which the borderlines of the different deposits are drawn and 
the layers are numbered corresponding to a list of the geological 
diagnosis of the bog deposits; one copy with the borderlines of the 
layers and a projection of all the culture remains (flint chips, 
potsherds, nut shells, bone fragments, etc.) found within 25 cm. be- 
fore and behind the section (in this way a general view of the rela- 
tions between the culture layer or layers and the deposits of the bog 
is acquired) ; and a third copy drawn like the first one but with the 
numbers replaced by symbols that will enable an experienced geologist 
to read the composition of the deposits directly from this symbol 
section. 
INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLEN SAMPLES 
Pollen is the male semen of the flowers, and wind-pollinated plants 
produce enormous quantities which are carried by the wind to other 
flowers. By far the largest part of the pollen, however, is biologically 
wasted. It is sprinkled over the surface of the earth and destroyed, 
except for that which happens to fall on moist bogs or into lakes, 
where, incorporated in peat and mud layers, it may be preserved 
throughout millenniums. The pollen grains consist of an outer wall, 
which is very resistant and which surrounds the plasma. This inner 
plasma decomposes rapidly and perishes. In a single cubic centi- 
meter of peat or gyttja, several hundred thousands of pollen grains 
may be found, They are very small, usually about 20 to 50 microns, 1 
