604 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1959 
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Ficure 1.—Ground plan of the Shanidar Cave excavation, 1957 season. 
The excavation in Shanidar Cave wherein the Neanderthals were 
found now measures 20 m. long by 7.75 m. wide at the top (fig. 1). 
It is stepped back in depth toward the bottom, where bedrock was 
reached at a depth of nearly 14m. Four major cultural layers were 
outlined in the deposits (Solecki 1955a, b) (fig. 2). These deposits, 
from top to bottom, were identified as Recent to Neolithic (Layer A) ; 
Mesolithic (Layer B) ; Upper Paleolithic, or Baradostian (Layer C) ; 
and Middle Paleolithic, or Mousterian (Layer D). 
During the three seasons of excavation, the skeletons of seven in- 
dividuals, including the three described here, were found in Shanidar 
Cave. Three skeletons were found in Layer A, and four were found in 
Layer D. The latter include the adult Neanderthals and an infant 
found in 1953 (Solecki, 1953b, 1955a, b,c). The infant remains were 
studied in Baghdad by Dr. Muzaffer Senyiirek (1957a, b, 1959) of 
Ankara University during the winter of 1956. The Shanidar child 
was found at a depth of 7.8m. The three adult Neanderthals were 
found above this depth, toward the top of the same deposit, Layer D. 
SHANIDAR I 
The circumstances of the discovery of Shanidar I (field catalog No. 
504 IIIT) were as follows. There had been some trouble with loose 
