SKELETONS FROM SHANIDAR CAVE—SOLECKI 617 
right clavicle could not be identified under field conditions. There 
appeared to be a first rib arched under the left clavicle. A large, 
flat, limestone slab lay under the left shoulder and upper left arm. 
About 5 cm. of earth lay between the skeleton and the stone. The 
right upper arm was not recognized in the field. Later, in Baghdad, 
Dr. Stewart discovered (1959, pp. 277-278) that Shanidar I had an 
underdeveloped right scapula, clavicle,and humerus. He believes that 
this cripple’s useless right arm had been amputated in life just above 
the elbow. This discovery accounts for part of our difficulty in 
identifying this part of the skeleton. Furthermore, the surviving 
parts of the right arm and shoulder had been caught underneath the 
right side of the rib cage. In contrast, the left arm lay with the elbow 
close to the body, with the forearm across the chest. The proximal 
end of the left humerus was shattered, and its midshaft was crushed 
under a stone. The bones of the left forearm, the radius and ulna, 
were somewhat separate and broken under stones. The vertebrae of 
the thoracic region were displaced to the right side. The ribs also 
were displaced to the right side, broken, split, and crushed. 
The hip bones had suffered greatly in the rockfall (pl. 6, right). 
There were several double-fist-sized angular limestone fragments and 
two larger stones in this area. Adding to the confusion in this region 
was a loose scapula and about 16 other loose bones provisionally identi- 
fied as of mammal origin. The ilium of the left hip was displaced 
headward at an acute angle and fractured over a left rib bone. I noted 
that there appeared to be a broad sciatic notch in the pelvis, generally 
considered a female trait among modern races, but Dr. Stewart has 
judged the sex to be male. 
At and below the right hip joint was a heavy concentration of broken 
mammal bones and small stones, among which a bone provisionally 
identified as the left patella or knee cap was found. The shaft of the 
right femur was broken and crushed, but still in place, with the right 
patella at the inner side of the distal end of this bone. The left femur 
was missing from its place. 
Five stones were removed from the area of the lower legs. The left 
tibia lay dislocated, over and at right angles to the axis of the right 
tibia, both bones crushed together under a stone 33 cm. long (pl. 7, 
upper). Fragments of the bones were found adhering to the underside 
of this stone. The proximal end of the left tibia lay over the proximal 
end of the right tibia (pl. 7, lower). The left fibula, also much dis- 
placed from its joint with the left foot, lay about 17 cm. to the west 
side of its normal position next to its companion bone. The stone had 
sheared across the distal shaft of the right tibia, leaving the broken 
joint end still in articulation with the right foot. 
Although compressed, the feet had not been smashed, presumably 
because of the cushioning effect of the soil and the fact that heavy 
