622 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1959 
be fixed inajaw. I thought it might be a pig, or some other mammal. 
Because at the time there were other pressing duties connected with 
the recovery of Shanidar I, I drew a large circle around the teeth, and 
stuck a surveying pin in the earth near them in order to mark the spot 
so that caution would be exercised in the vicinity. The worker was 
ordered to proceed with cleaning the wall until we were ready to ex- 
plore the find further. 
It was not until 2 days later, after the entire western wall had been 
cleaned for sectioning, that the fragmented skull of the second adult 
individual was exposed and recognized. The base of the skull lay at 
a depth of 7.4 m. from “0” datum, about 7 m. to the west and slightly 
to the south of Shanidar I. Judging from the evidence, this individ- 
ual also had been killed in situ. He appeared to have been caught and 
crushed under a rockfall, which compressed his skull laterally and 
contorted his neck. There was a soft earth fill of 12 cm. between the 
top of the skull and the rockfall. The skull faced to the east, with the 
top of the head toward the south, and the lower jaw to the north. The 
skull was crushed over a limestone cobble measuring 8 by 12 cm. The 
lower jaw was broken, mouth agape, over the stone. The front of the 
skull was compressed to a thickness of between 5 and 6 cm. A lime- 
stone cobble about the size of two doubled fists was picked off the 
left temple, some fragments of bone adhering to it. The eye sockets, 
crushed out of shape by the stones, stared hollowly out from under 
a contorted heavy brow ridge. The latter was broken, the left side 
lapping over the right side. Owing to the force of the blow, the 
left parietal had overlapped the right parietal at about the midline 
of the skull. Behind the heavy torus was a slanting brow, which could 
be appreciated even in its shattered state. The nasal bones were 
broken, and the front part of the upper jaw wassmashed. There was 
a good right maxilla. 
Approximate measurements were taken with a wooden metric ruler. 
The distance from the center of the brow to the displaced chin meas- 
ured about 28cm. The skull was about 20cm. long. The width of the 
lower jaw in its crushed state was about 5cm. There was a definitely 
rearward slope to the chin region. The length of the lower jaw from 
the front to the ascending ramus was about 11cm. The width of the 
ramus was about 4.5 cm. 
The rear of the skull, lower than the front, rested on a bed of loose, 
soft, brown earth. Stones were visible behind the skull, extending into 
the wall. <A series of vertebrae, which were exposed with difficulty in 
the limited space among the stones, had been contorted, arching up- 
ward to the rear at a very unnatural angle. The rest of the vertebrae 
and some isolated fragments of the post-cranial skeleton could be seen 
in the face of the excavation behind the skull. 
