632 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1959 
tons. Following Emiliani (1956, 1958), the latter date from the 
final part of Wiirm I and probably well into the Wiirm I-II inter- 
stadial, on the basis of the carbon-14 measurements. This would 
make the Shanidar skeletons somewhat younger than the Mount 
Carmel skeletons. We have additional evidence to offer on the basis 
of comparative stone typology, albeit not detailed at this writing, 
supporting this conclusion. Thus, Garrod (in Garrod and Bate, 1937, 
p. 119) commented that the stone industry of the Upper Levalloiso- 
Mousterian of Mount Carmel closely matched the Mousterian 
industry of Hazer Merd caves in northern Iraq near Sulaimaniya, 
sites which Garrod (1930) had excavated. With the exception of 
several implement types which were absent at Shanidar, the Mous- 
terian industry of Shanidar appears to be similar to that of Hazer 
Merd, as well as to that of Bisitun (Solecki, 1955a, pp. 419-420; 
microfilm 1958, pp. 26-27). Garrod (1956, p. 57) has corroborated 
the similarity of these Mousterian industries. I have been able to 
compare directly a sample collection of the Mousterian industry from 
Shanidar with the sequence of stone industries from Mount Carmel 
as represented in a collection in the U.S. National Museum. I found 
that with the apparent exception of Levallois cores, hand axes, and 
burins, which were absent at Shanidar, the Upper Levalloiso-Mous- 
terian of Mount Carmel is most like the Shanidar Mousterian 
industry. The Mount Carmel Lower Levalloiso-Mousterian, with its 
associated Neanderthal skeletons, must then perforce be earlier than 
the Shanidar Mousterian on considerations of the stone typology. 
With regard to human paleontology, there are unmistakably more 
points of resemblance between the Shanidar I (Stewart, 1958, p. 91; 
1959, p. 277), and Shanidar IT skulls and the “conservative” Tabin 
cranial remains than the Skhil remains. In addition to these re- 
semblances, Dr. Stewart (unpublished statements) found evidence 
in the remains of Shanidar III which show that it is closer to the 
Tabtn than to the Skhil skeletons. This makes a strong argument 
for equating the adult Shanidar population with the conservative 
Tabiin remains. However, if on the basis of relative dating and 
stone typology we accept the inference that the Mount Carmel Nean- 
derthals are older than the Shanidar adult Neanderthals, we would 
have to accept the proposition that a population of Neanderthals 
with Tabtn characteristics lived on in the Zagros Mountains some 
thousands of years after their physical counterparts in Palestine. 
Reflecting upon the long timespans of man and culture in the Old 
Stone age, this need not be a startling thought. The Mousterian 
period, the time of the Neanderthals, has been given a span of at 
least 45,000 years (Emiliani, 1956, table 1). The enigmatic Skhil 
Neanderthals with modern-man characteristics are another matter. 
Howell (1958, pp. 186, 189-191) notes that they may be somewhat 
