634 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1959 
The gap of years between the Middle and the Upper Paleolithic 
deposits at Shanidar may be explained in terms of a return to the area 
of an extreme cold period. ‘This presumably rendered the cave unin- 
habitable between circa 45,000 and 35,000 years ago, driving the 
Neanderthal populations away for all time. 
When the exploration of Shanidar Cave is finished, we may expect 
to have still other links in our understanding of the Paleolithic 
period in the Near Kast, its times, and its people. 
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