25 



emerging from the f-cales as a general thing at night. At thirty days the females are 

 fully grown, and embryonic young can be seen in their bodies, and from thirty-three 

 to forty days the larvse begin to make their appearance. 



The adult male is a delicate two-winged creature, bearing a straight 

 stoutish appendage at the posterior end. It lives in this adult condi- 

 tion but a short time. The female never attains wings or leaves the 

 scale after it is once formed. 



Only in the active larval condition can the pest become spread. 

 This is greatl}^ facilitated by the habit of the larvoe of crawling on 

 other insects or on the feet of birds, and being thus carried from tree 

 to tree. 



Remedies.— The sulphur-salt-lime wash applied in winter is a com- 

 pletely effective remedy on the Pacific coast. The ordinary practice 

 in the Northwest is to spray in late winter after pruning. Care should 

 be taken to spray every branch even to the very tip. If only a few 

 of the insects escape, the whole tree may be again covered with them 

 before the fruit is mature. 



THE CODLING MOTH. 



Fortunate, indeed, is the orchardist who does not know this insect 

 from actual experience, yet there are portions of the Northwest where 

 it is yet unknown. 



The insect is the common "worm" of the apple and pear, and in the 

 orchard may be easily detected (1) by the brownish castings which are 

 thrust out of its burrow and then cling to the side of the fruit and (2) 

 from the fact that many of the injured fruits fall prematurely to the 

 ground. 



Description and habits. — ^The larva is the young of a small purplish- 

 brown moth, which measures a little more than half an inch from tip to 

 tip. The first moths usually appear shortly after the apple trees are in 

 bloom, but in the warmer regions they may appear before the blossoms 

 open. The females deposit their eggs usually on the young apples, 

 one or two in a place, and are capable of laying 40 or 50 eggs. In from 

 six to eight days these eggs hatch into minute larvse or "worms," 

 which soon burrow into the young fruit, usually at the blossom end. 

 Reaching the core when half grown, the larva eats out an irregular 

 cavity, and sometimes may be found eating the seeds. The castings 

 are thrown out through the hole by which the worm entered, or when 

 the larva is full-grown and about to leave the apple, through a hori- 

 zontal hole bored to the side. These castings are of a rusty reddish 

 color and make the wormy apples quite easy to detect at this time. In 

 about three weeks the larva reaches its full size and then leaves the 

 fruit, either by crawling out of the hole and thence onto the tree or by 

 dropping to the ground on a silken thread which it spins; many of the 

 injured fruits drop to the ground, and not rarely this happens before 



