8 



per cent of the apples raised in the region are more or less affected by 

 scab, and but a small portion of the trees are free from the canker. 



On the contrary, the loss by insect damage is relatively small. In 

 western Washington not over 10 per cent of the apples are affected by 

 the codling-moth. In the Willamette Valley of western Oregon the 

 same insect causes a loss of from 30 to 60 per cent of the apples, accord- 

 ing to Professor Cordley. 



An unimportant amount of damage is caused by the wooly aphis 

 and by the oyster-shell scale, or bark louse. The San Jose scale is 

 very rare in western Washington and by no means a serious factor in 

 western Oregon. 



An insect recently introduced from Japan, the apple fruit miner 

 {Lwverna herellera)^ maj^ become a serious pest. As yet it is not wide- 

 spread, and so little is known of its life history that no method of 

 treatment can be recommended. It may easily be known by the sinu- 

 ous passages bored through the fruit by the larvae. 



The control of fungous diseases in the coast region is rendered dif- 

 ficult owing to the frequent rains, especially those of spring and early 

 summer. In the case of apple scab the two or three sprayings of 

 Bordeaux mixture usually recommended are not sufficient. Five 

 sprayings is probably the smallest number necessary to insure good 

 results. In the light of present experience these are best applied as 

 follows: The first, just before the flower buds open in spring; the 

 second, just after the blosoms fall; the third, 10 to 12 days later; the 

 fourth and fifth, at intervals of two weeks. The last two sprayings 

 should be with ammoniacal copper carbonate, as the Bordeaux mixture 

 causes fruit to russet, especially when damp weather follows the 

 spraying. There is still need that much experimental work be done 

 on this disease under the peculiar conditions existing, as it is much 

 the worst enemy the apple grower has to contend with. The above 

 suggestions are admittedly based on too meager a series of experiments. 



The disease here designated blackspot apple canker, also known as 

 " blackspot," "deadspot," "apple anthracnose," and " apple canker," 

 is a serious enem}^ especially of young apple trees. A detailed 

 account of the disease and of the methods for controlling it is given 

 farther on. 



Where the average loss by the codling-moth is 10 per cent or less, 

 it is a comparatively unimportant factor. It seems desirable, how- 

 ever, to add Paris green to the third spraying of Bordeaux mixture, 

 1 pound of the poison to each 150 gallons of liquid. Where, as in 

 the Willamette Valley, the loss is greater, one or perhaps more addi- 

 tional sprayings with Paris green are necessary. 



For the woolly aphis, summer sprayings of kerosene emulsion, 1 

 part to 12 parts water, have given very satisfactor}^ results. In west- 

 ern Washmgton, at least, the root form seems not to occur. 



