THE COCOON. 



The places of spinning the cocoon vary with the surroundings. 

 Cocoons have been observed in the following places: In holes and 

 cracks in the trunks and branches of the trees; under rough bark; in the 

 fruits (though rarely); in the cracks in the ground around the tree; on 

 or between the clods among the fallen fruit; under bands or anything 

 else resting on or against the tree; in cracks and angles of the walls 

 and roof of the building in which apples are stored; under shingles of 

 buildings near apple trees; in fence posts and under pickets of near-by 

 fences; in paper or other rubbish on the ground; and in various other 

 places. The cocoons of the first generation are composed entirely of 

 silk, while in those of the second generation are incorporated bits of 

 wood and bark. The larvae inside the cocoons transform into pupse in 

 about six days from the time of spinning the cocoon. 



THE PUPA. 



The pupa (fig. 1, d) is yellowish at first, but changes to a brown, 

 and later to a bronze color. The eyes, antennae, mouth parts, wings, 

 and legs of the adult insect are apparent. The movable abdominal 

 segments are armed with two rows of spines. In about twenty days 

 from the spinning of the cocoon the pupa, aided by the spines, pushes 

 its way out of the cocoon. The pupa skin splits and the moth emerges 

 (fig. l,y), lays its eggs, and gives rise to another generation. The 

 average life cycle of the insect is about fifty days. 



GENERATIONS OF THE INSECT. 



It has been found that in the principal apple-growing sections of the 

 northern part of the United States the insect has one generation 

 and often a partial second. In the warmer portions of the East and 

 the West two generations are found. In the warmest parts of the 

 West a partial third generation has been distinguished. Where two 

 full generations occur the second is much more numerous and destruct- 

 ive than the first. 



NATURAL ENEMIES. 



There are many natural enemies of the codling moth which ma}" be 

 encouraged with advantage. It has often been noted that no larvae 

 can be found under the rough bark of the trees in the spring, while 

 many are found in the cracks and holes in the trunks, branches, and 

 stubs. Under the rough bark many cocoons can be found from which 

 the larvae are missing. A telltale hole made by a woodpecker can 

 always be found. Destroying or rendering unsuitable the more secure 

 places for spinning, thus forcing the larvae to spin cocoons where the 

 birds can get them, will result in destroying many of the insects. 



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