10 



In the Eastern orchard the trees are in sod and about 40 feet apart. 

 There are many stubs of broken branches in which the larvaB hiber- 

 nate. The fruit has always been abundant, but is practically all 

 infested by this insect. 



The woodpeckers have done much effective work in both these 

 orchards by digging out and eating the larvae. Other insects may be 

 attacking the trunks of the trees or eating the leaves. Practically no 

 revenue is derived from either of these orchards, but, on the contrary, 

 they are a constant source of loss. 



Many farmers who have orchards similar to those just described 

 believe that the only thing to be done is to cut down the trees and start 

 new orchards instead of renovating the old. These orchards can be 

 restored quite easily and made to produce profitabl}^ for many years. 

 Work should be begun late in the fall or early in the spring, and the 

 treatment should be about the same in both cases, except that the West- 

 ern orchard should be irrigated freely, and every second tree should be 

 cut out. In both orchards the soil should receive a ver}^ shallow cul- 

 tivation for a year and a dressing of manure. The following year 

 cover crops, such as cowpea or red clover, should be sown and plowed 

 under, and this should be repeated every few years. Branches should 

 be cut out where they are matted together, thus allowing access of 

 the sunlight and spraying solution. In the West a thick foliage is 

 often an advantage in protecting the fruit from the sun and thus 

 avoiding sunburn. The dead branches and stubs should be cut away 

 and burned. It is highly important that the cut ends be smooth and 

 dressed with shellac varnish or grafting wax. All of the rough bark 

 should be scraped from the trunks and larger branches. The holes 

 in the tree should be filled with plaster or cement, thus confining all 

 larvae that are in them and preventing others from entering later in 

 the season. 



If proper attention is given an orchard when it is young, no such 

 work will ever be necessary. 



Measures for Use in Young' Orcliards. 



If a young orchard is to be planted in a badly infested localitj'^, 

 this insect must be considered from the very first if any degree of suc- 

 cess is to be achieved. The question of varieties is largely a question 

 of climate, soil, and the demands of the market. The Winesap and 

 Lawver varieties are always resistant to this insect, and the Ortley and 

 Pewaukee are always badly infested. Late winter varieties are usu- 

 ally less infested than the fall varieties,^ and in some sections of the 

 country the early apples are harvested before the second generation 

 of the insect attacks the fruit. The trees should never be planted 

 nearer together than 30 by 30 feet in order that a spraying machine 

 and wagon may have plenty of space between the rows. They should 



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