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lean toward the southwest, so that the tops will shade the trunks, thus 

 in a measure avoiding sun scald, the effects of which furnish secure 

 places in which the codling moth larvae can spin their cocoons. The 

 pruning of a tree when it is young is of the utmost importance. If 

 the tree grows too high it is difficult to spray when it is full grown; 

 if too low the branches lie on the ground and the same difficulty 

 occurs. It is expensive to pick the fruit from high trees, and when 

 the lower branches are on the ground the fruit upon them will be 

 uncolored. A good average between the high and the low trees is to be 

 desired. If only two or three main branches grow out from the trunk 

 they will nearly always split apart under the weight of a full load of 

 fruit. When such a branch is put in place and held either by a bolt 

 or a wire, the crack made by the splitting is an attractive place for the 

 yisects. In many orchards it has been observed that trees thus injured 

 always have a higher percentage of wormy fruit than those which are 

 uninjured. This splitting may be prevented by pruning, so as to cause 

 many branches to form the body of the tree, and cutting back about 

 half of each year's growth, so as to make the tree stocky and able to 

 bear the excessive weight; by thinning the fruit; or by propping the 

 limbs. 



By planting clover in an orchard, not only is the soil benefited, but 

 the ground is kept moist; and because they dislike moisture the larvae 

 will not spin cocoons in the ground around or near the tree. 



Thinning fruit. — In the Pacific Northwest the thinning of apples is 

 a practice that is badly neglected. As a result, much of the fruit is 

 small, uncolored, and consequently inferior in value. The advantages 

 of thinning in producing better fruit are too well known to need dis- 

 cussion. All of the terminal clusters should be thinned to one fruit 

 and fruits should not be allowed to grow closer together than 6 inches. 

 The thinning should be done when most of the codling-moth larvae of 

 the first generation are in the fruit. In the Pacific Northwest thin- 

 ning should be done between June 15 and July 1. In other localities 

 this work may be done earlier or later, but observation can determine 

 the time with reasonable accuracy.. In thinning, special care should 

 be taken that as many of the wormy apples be picked as is consistent 

 with the rapidity of the work. The wormy fruit thus removed from 

 the trees should be buried, being covered with at least 6 inches of 

 earth. It has often been recommended that the windfalls be gathered 

 every few days and destroyed. In a small orchard this is practicable, 

 but in a large commercial orchard it would be far too expensive. 



Packing fruit. — The place of packing the fruit is of the greatest 

 importance when the codling moth is considered. The best plan, and 

 the one which is being generally adopted among the best Western 

 orchardists, is to have the packing done in the orchard. A movable 

 packing table is made upon runners and this is drawn through the 



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