12 



orchard. As the apples from two rows of trees on either side are 

 picked, they are carried to the table by the pickers. By this method 

 the apples are not moved any considerable distance until packed, and 

 the danger of bruising the fruit is thus reduced to a minimum. If 

 infested fruit is taken into a packing house, the larv» crawl out of 

 the fruit and spin their cocoons in the cracks and angles of the 

 building. In the spring the moths emerge and fl}^ to the orchards. 

 By packing in the orchard the wormy fruit is piled up, and the larvse 

 for the most part spin cocoons among the apples. 



Man}^ apple growers make the mistake of selling or trying to sell 

 worm}^ apples as iirst-class fruit. It is a difficult thing to pack a box or 

 barrel of apples and not put in a single imperfect apple, but the ideal 

 of perfect fruit should be the growers' guide. Second-class apples 

 should be packed and shipped as quickly as possible. The culls an^ 

 windfalls should be promptly made into cider for vinegar or disposed 

 of in some other way, thus preventing the escape of the larvae. If 

 they are not so used, they should be buried. Experiments in burying 

 culls and windfalls have shown that when the larvfe leave the fruit 

 they spin their cocoons on or between the apples and rarely try to 

 reach the surface of the ground. If the larvae survive, the moths 

 which emerge die, as they can not reach the surface of the ground. 



Storing fruit. — It is a great mistake to store infested fruit near an 

 orchard, as when the moths emerge in the spring they fly to the orchard, 

 and in many cases a large percentage of the fruit near the storehouse 

 is infested. The writer has studied several cases where this was true, 

 and in each case the resulting loss could have been averted. If the 

 fruit must be stored, the house in which it is stored should have no 

 cracks or holes through which the moths can escape. A tight house 

 can be fumigated with hj^droc3'anic-acid gas or with sulphur. A 

 simpler way is to crush the moths when they have gathered on a 

 window or on a screen; or, if left in the storeroom, they will die in a 

 week or so. 



REMEDIAIi MEASURES. 



Remedial measures against the codling moth are those from which 

 little or no benefit is derived, except that of saving the fruit from 

 attacks of the insect. 



Remedies of Little or no Value. 



It is sometimes as well to know what not to use against an insect as 

 it is to know what to use. The following remedies have been at vari- 

 ous times suggested and have been found to be of little or no value: 

 Moth balls hung in the trees and supposed to keep moths away ; smudg- 

 ing orchards with ill-smelling compounds; plugging the trees with 

 sulphur; plugging the roots with calomel; banding trees with tarred 



171 



