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dies placed at an angle on a vertical shaft. By means of bevel gearing 

 and a belt, power is obtained from the engine. The engines, pumps, 

 and tank are mounted on a solid frame, which is placed upon a low 

 wagon. The low steel- wheeled wagons are highly preferable, as the 

 tires, which should never be less than 6 inches wide, prevent the 

 machine from sinking into the soft earth. Platforms can be built on 

 the sides, upon which the operator can stand. With a bamboo exten- 

 sion and long-range nozzles set at an angle every part of the trees can 

 be easily sprayed. Only two men are needed to operate this outfit: 

 One drives, the other starts and stops the engine, and both spray. 

 With this machine 700 S-j^ear-old trees can easily be sprayed in one 

 da}^; by rushing, more may be done. It takes from four to five min- 

 utes to fill the 150-gallon tank and from thirty to forty minutes to 

 spray out the same amount on from 60 to 80 trees, using about 2i gal- 

 lons per tree. In an irrigated orchard care must be taken to let the 

 ground become dry before spra3ang is done, because if the ground is 

 soft the machine may mire down, especially when the tank is full. 



The cost of these machines varies with the cost of the engines and 

 pumps. The machine with which the writer is most familiar cost 

 $320, including a $40 wagon. With good care and proper repairs 

 these machines ought to last many years. In a working day of ten 

 hours a 1-horsepower engine consumes about a gallon of gasoline. 

 The engine can be made to pay for itself by other uses which may be 

 made of it, such as running the cider press, the feed cutter, the cream 

 separator, or the wood saw, turning the grindstone, and doing numer- 

 ous other things. The wagon can be used for other purposes when 

 not needed for spraying. 



Spraying' materials for use against the codling moth. 



Contact insecticides.— The insecticides which kill by touching the 

 insects, such as kerosene emulsion and whale-oil soap, applied fre- 

 quently, have in a few experiments been found efficient against this 

 insect. On account of the expense and the necessity for frequent 

 application they have never been used to any extent. 



Arsenical sprays. — The arsenical sprays contain arsenic as the poison- 

 ous ingredient. There are several of the spraying compounds upon 

 the market and many others which the fruit grower can prepare 

 himself. 



Paris green is probably the best known of these arsenicals. It is a 

 definite chemical compound of arsenic, copper, and acetic acid and 

 should have a uniform composition. It is a rather coarse powder and 

 has the fault of settling rapidly. In the East it costs 20 cents a pound, 

 while in the West the cost is 25 cents. 



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