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first group; nevertheless, the old insects in the second group, when 

 the}' become hardened, and, in fact, the younger stages also, greatly 

 resemble scales; hence, the name may properly apply to them as well. 



These insects all belong to the famil}'" Coccida? of the order Hemip- 

 tera, or true bugs, being allied to plant-lice and other suctorial insects 

 of this order. In the larval stage the scale insects, except in point 

 of size, closely resemble the larvfe of the higher forms of Hemiptera, 

 and are active and can run about on plants or may be carried from one 

 plant to another by the wind, or by birds or other insects to which 

 they may attach themselves. 



In the case of the armored scales, as soon as the young have under- 

 gone their first molt they appear as mere sacks provided with long 

 sucking beaks, but without legs or ej'^es, and are ver}^ much degraded 

 structurally from the larval condition. The unarmored scales, while 

 retaining their limbs throughout lif^, are not apt to move very much 

 after they have once settled and begun to feed, except in the case of 

 one or two species. The power of locomotion, however, is retained, 

 and in the case of the fluted scale and mealy bug is often actively 

 brought into play; the Lecaniums and wax scales are apt to migrate 

 late in their lives from the leaves to thfe twigs. The female insects of 

 both groups remain on the plants and never advance to a winged stage. 

 The males of both groups, however, while paralleling the development 

 of the females in the early stages, in the later stages transform to pupse, 

 and eventually emerge as minute, two-winged gnats. The life of the 

 winged male is ver}^ short, and its sole function is to fertilize the eggs 

 of the female. It is a very delicate creature, having no mouth parts, 

 but in place of them a second pair of prominent ej'^es. 



GROUP 1.— THE ARMORED SCALES. 



The majority of the important scale-insect enemies of the orange 

 belong to the group known as armored scales because the insects begin 

 to excrete as soon as they thrust their beaks into the tissues of the 

 plant a waxy covering which protects the growing insect and forms a 

 definite scale-like shield entirely independent of the insect itself. This 

 group includes the long scale, purple scale, the red scale of California 

 and the red scale of Florida (an entirely distinct insect), the oleander 

 scale, the chaff scale, and other less important species. 



In general habits these armored scales are very similar. The eggs, 

 which are developed in enormous numbers, maybe extruded under the 

 covering scale of the mother insect and undergo a longer or shorter 

 period of incubation before hatching, or the young may be partly or 

 fully developed within the body of the mother and emerge as active 

 insects, or more properly shake off the egg envelope at the moment of 

 birth, so that certain species appear to yield living young. The young 



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