8 



amount to more than $8,000,000 additional, indicating a total loss 

 chargeable to the codling- moth of nearly $20,000,000. Great as this 

 loss still is, it has been very much limited by measures of control 

 which are becoming more and more widely adopted, and many apple 

 growers in badl}^ infested regions are now saving every year more than 

 85 per cent of fruit which would, without treatment, be wormy. 



The following account of the codling moth, with directions for 

 control, is abbreviated and recast from Farmers' Bulletin No. ITl, 

 by Mr. C. B. Simpson, formerly a special agent of the then Division 

 of Entomology, who made a three years' investigation of the codling 

 moth in the Northwest. 



DISTRIBUTION. 



The original home of this insect was probably southeastern Europe, 

 the home of the apple, but it has followed closely upon the distribu- 

 tion of the apple until it is now found in almost every country in the 

 world. It is spread principally by the shipping of the infested fruit. 

 The young larvpe in such fruit complete their development, and leav- 

 ing the frviit spin cocoons on the crates or near by, the moths emerg- 

 ing in due course and flying to the nearest orchard to deposit their 

 eggs. When orchards are but a little distance apart the moths may 

 fly from one orchard into another. 



FRTTITS INFESTED. 



The apple is the natural food of this insect, and sustains almost all 

 the loss occasioned by it. Pears are next in order of infestation, but 

 if apples are present in the same orchard pears are usuallj' not badly 

 infested. The codling moth larvse have been found also in the fruit 

 of quince, prune, plum, peach, and cherry, but never in sufficient 

 numbers to cause any great injury. 



LIFE HISTORY. 



Every fruit grower should familiarize himself with the different 

 stages of this insect by studying it in his own orchard, so that he will 

 understand the principles of control, which are based on certain vul- 

 nerable points in its life cycle. 



Hibernation.— The codling moth passes the winter in the larval 

 stage in silken cocoons in cracks and holes in the trees and in houses 

 where apples have been stored. In the spring these larvae change to 

 pupae, and the moths emerge about a month after the apple is in 

 blossom. 



The moth.— The moth (fig. 1, a) is but little known among fruit 

 growers, and other moths are often mistaken for it. It varies some- 

 what in size, but the maximum spread of its wings is about three- 

 fourths of an inch. The front wings are of a brownish gray color 



247 



