10 



larvae nave some diflSculty in entering the smooth sides of the fruit, 

 and about 80 per cent of the first generation enter by way of the calj' x, 

 while the majorit}^ of the second generation enter at the sides, espe- 

 cially where the fruits' are touching. 



Before entering the young apple the larva feeds, as noted, on the 

 leaves, but also for a day or two within the partial concealment 

 formed by the calyx or blossom end of the apple. During several 

 days, therefore, the little apple worms feed externally, both before 

 they enter the calyx and within the latter, and the object of spra3ang 

 is to insure their being poisoned by thoroughly coating in advance, 

 with an arsenical mixture, the leaves, and especially the blossom end 

 of ever}^ fruit, before the shutting up of the lobes of the calyx. Most 

 of the larvfB enter the calj^x after it is closed, and are then beyond the 

 reach of any poison later applied. 



The pinkish larva lives in tli« fruit about twenty days, and grows 

 to a length of about five-eighths of an inch (fig. 1, c), when, being full 

 fed, it makes a tunnel to the outside of the fruit, the entrance of which 

 is filled with frass and silk. When read}' to leave the apple this plug 

 is pushed out. The larva then crawls out and immediately seeks a 

 place in which to spin its cocoon. 



The cocoon. — Cocoons .have been observed in the following places: 

 In holes and cracks in the trunks and branches of the trees; under 

 rough bark (tig. 1, e); in the fruits (though rarely); in the cracks in 

 the ground around the tree; on or between the clods among the fallen 

 fruit; under bands or anything else resting on or against the tree; in 

 cracks and angles of the walls and roof of the building in which 

 apples are stored; under shingles of buildings near apple trees; in 

 fence posts and under pickets of near-by fences; in paper or other 

 rubbish on the ground; and in various other places. The cocoons of 

 the first generation are composed entirel}' of silk, while in those of 

 the second generation are incorporated bits of wood and bark. The 

 larvse inside the cocoons transform into pupa? in about six days from 

 the time of spinnhig the cocoon. 



The pupa.— The pupa (fig. 1, d) is 3xilowish at first, but changes to 

 a brown, and later to a bronze color. In about twenty da^^s from the 

 spinning of the cocoon the papa, aided bj;' its spines, pushes its wa^^ 

 out of the cocoon. The pupa skin splits and the moth emerges 

 (fig. l,y), lays its eggs, and gives rise to another generation. The 

 average life cycle of the insect is about fifty days. 



GENERATIONS OF THE INSECT. 



In the principal northern apple-growing sections of the United 

 States, as, for example, New York and Maine, the insect has but one 

 full generation, with only a partial second. In the warmer portions 

 of the East and West two generations are found, and in the Southwest 



