11 



and South a partial third generation has been distinguished. Where 

 two full generations occur, the members of the second are much more 

 numerous and destructive than those of the first. The dates of the 

 different generations will vary in a given locality with the season. 

 Taking Nebraska as representing the upper Mississippi Valley region, 

 the first brood of the codling moth will pass from the egg to the moth 

 stage between June 1 and August 15, the majority of the moths 

 emerging between July 20 and August 15. The second generation 

 overlaps the first, beginning in the agg stage about the end of July 

 and running on to the end of the season, the larvffi of this generation 

 hibernating. In the Southwest some of these larvfe may transform to 

 moths and give rise to a partial third generation. 



NATUBAI, ENEMIES. 



There are many natural enemies of the codling moth which may be 

 encouraged with advantage. It has often been noted that no larvfe 

 can be found under the rough bark of the trees in the spring, while 

 man}^ are found in cracks and holes in the trunks, branches, and 

 stubs. Under the rough bark many cocoons can be found from which 

 the larvfe are missing, and in these cases the telltale hole made by a 

 woodpecker can always be found. Destroying or rendering unsuit- 

 able the more secure places for spinning, thus forcing the larvaj to 

 spin cocoons where the birds can get them, will result in destroving 

 man}- of the insects. 



MEASURES USED AGAINST THE CODLING MOTH. 



The first essential in combating this insect is for the apple grower 

 to familiarize himself with its life history. By doing this he is better 

 prepared to understand the remedial measures recommended, and can 

 modify them to suit his local conditions. 



Remedies of Little or No Value. 



It is sometimes as well to know what not to use against an insect as 

 it is to know what to use. The following remedies have been sug- 

 gested at various times and found to be of little or no value: Moth 

 balls hung in the trees and supposed to keep moths away; smudging 

 or spraying orchards with ill-smelling compounds; plugging the trees 

 with sulphur; plugging the roots with calomel; banding trees with 

 tarred paper to keep the larvae from crawling up the tree; trap lan- 

 terns; baiting the moths with a mixture of vineg-ar and molasses; 

 spraying with water; and electric lights as a repellent of the moth. 

 These so-called remedies have been tried so often that a fruit grower 

 is simply wasting his time and money when he uses them. 



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