41 



must spray from the ground, where he is free to walk around and 

 under the trees. Many faihires result from attempts to spray trees 

 from the wagon as the outfit is being driven by. 



INJURY TO FOLIAGE FROM SPRAYS. 



Under certain conditions there may be in some years more or less 

 russetingof the fruit and injury to foliage from the use of Bordeaux 

 mixture, the injury mostly to the fruit following the applications 

 made soon after the falling of the petals, for the apple scab. In sev- 

 eral of the demonstration orchards in the Ozarks and in Nebraska 

 injury to foliage and fruit was noticed. The russeting of the fruit, 

 however, in most cases gradually disappeared as the apples developed, 

 and at picking time was scarcely noticeable. In the Hansell orchard 

 at Fordland a few of the apples at picking time were so russeted as to 

 be undesirable for packing. Also some foliage injury resulted from 

 the July and August applications of Bordeaux mixture and arsenicals, 

 the foliage on the newer growth being in some cases scorched and 

 browned around the edges of the leaves, and in others these became 

 yellow, a small percentage falling. The foliage injury, however, was 

 soon outgrown and by autumn the sprayed trees carried a heavy 

 foliage, whereas the unsprayed trees were practically bare on account 

 of injury from leaf-spot diseases, as already described. (See fig. 3.) 



SCHEDULE OF APPLICATIONS. 



The following schedule of applications is recommended as a system 

 of orchard spraying for regions where all of the several affections 

 herein considered are likely to occur, as in the Ozarks. The treat- 

 ment for each of these troubles when considered alone has been given 

 in connection with their discussion in the preceding pages, and where 

 they do not all occur together the orchardist will be able to arrange a 

 combination treatment for liis particular troubles. With some varie- 

 ties, practically immune to scab, the first application may be unnec- 

 essary, and the first treatment required is the second one of the 

 schedule, i. e., for the codling moth. In localities, or with varieties 

 immune to the bitter-rot, the last application of Bordeaux mixture 

 may be omitted, or the amount of copper sulphate in the formula 

 reduced. 



First application. — Spray with Bordeaux mixture (5-5-50 formula) 

 and an arsenical, after the cluster buds have opened, but prior to 

 blooming. This is the first scab treatment, and is made to prevent 

 that disease from infecting the fruit buds and young, unfolding leaves. 

 The arsenical will destroy any larva? feeding on the foliage or buds, 

 such as canker worms, bud-moth, etc. 



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