The hunting restrictions most frequently used to re- 
duce game kill to the desired level are simply a reduction in 
the length of the season or a further limitation of the bag. 
A study of kill and of hunting EE ens the Horseshoe 
Lake area shows that hunting restrictions were not always suc- 
eessful in reducing the kill to the desired extent, but, if 
various measures instituted to lower the annual kill had ait 
been taken, it is probable that a large proportion of the 
Canada geese using the Horseshoe Lake area would have been shot 
by the end of 1946. It is ieee that the eetes kill at Horse- 
shoe Lake needed to be restricted in a drastic manner, pagent 
‘the flock had lost so much of its natupal wariness and become 
so vulnerable to hunting. In 1945, for example, there were 
only 5 half days of shooting, but the kill was, nevertheless, 
5,200 bagged, another 800 to 1,000 crippled, plus lesser losses 
from miscellaneous causes, 3 
Pirnie (1939) has emphasized that "Changing habits of 
See (geese) may create new hazards for them and require 
even more stringent regulations." The behavior of the Horseshoe 
Lake flock in recent years and its relation to shooting pee | 
already been discussed, but it should again be empiaa i ged that 
restrictions alone cannot be expected to safeguard it. 
Refuges form an important part of our system for the 
preservation of waterfowl. Whether or not any individual refuge 
peewee of eee will dapend to a certain extent upon its manage= 
ment and also upon its size. Leopold (1931) stated the chief 
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