fringillid.t: — the finches. 277 



States). Ill Eastern North America only two species occur, and one 

 of these (•/. orcr/onus) mei-ely as a straggler. Both belong to the 

 Illinois fauna, and may be distinguished as follows : 



1. J. hyemalis. I'lain Mackish gray, or slate-gray tlic bi-lly mid liiti-ral tail-foathors 

 whito. (Abundant winter rosidcut.) 



2. J. oregonus. Huad.neek, and jugulum.blaek; back brownish; rump, only, slate-gray; 

 sides light pinkish brown; belly and lateral lail-feathers white, as in J. Jii/emalis. 



Of the western species, J. aikoii is larger than J. hyemalis, and 

 usually has distinct white wing-bands ; the sides ash-gray, and the 

 bill light pinkish. J. annectens has the head, neck, jugulum, and 

 upper parts ash-gray (back more brownish), the sides pinkish ; 

 bill light pinkish. J. caniceps resembles J. annectens, but has the 

 back bright rufous and the sides ashy, like the breast. J. dorsalis 

 resembles J. caniceps, but has the upper mandible black, the lower 

 yellow, and the lower parts grayish white. J. cinereus is allied to 

 dorsalis, and like that species has the iris bright yellow (in other 

 species, excepting J. dorsalis, the eye is dark bro\vn or claret color), 

 but has the rufous of the back extended over the wing-coverts and 

 tertials. Each species, or race, has likewise distinctive proportions 

 and a separate breeding range. 



Junco hyemalis (Linn.) 



SLATE COLORED JUNCO. 



Popular synonyms. Black Snowbird; Common Snowbird; Slate-colorod Snowbird; 

 Gray Snowbird; Eastern Snowbird. 



Fringilla hiji'malin Linn. S. N. ed. 10, i, 1758, 18.3.— Aud. Oi-n. Biog. 1,1831,72; v,505,pl. 13. 

 Mphma hyemalif: AUD. Synop. ISSO.lOfi; B. Am. iii, 1841,88, pi l(i7. 



Junco hyemalis ScL. 18.57.— Baird.B. N. Am. 18.58, 4(i8; Cat. N. Am. B. 18.59. No. 354.— 

 CouES, Key, 1872, 111; Check List, 1873, No. 174; 2d od. 1S82, No. 2(il {"hiemalis"); 

 B. N. W. 1874. 141. -B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. i, lS74.580,pl. 2(i, flg. .5.-KIDGW. Norn. 

 N. Am. B. 1881, No. 217. 

 Fringilla hudsotiin Fokst. Philo-. Trans, l.xii, 1772. 428.— Wils. Index, vi, 1812, p xiii. 

 Fringila nivalin Wils. Am. Orn. iii. 1810, 121). pi. li;,llg. li.— Nutt. Man. i,18:i2,491. 



Hab. Northern North .\merica. breeding from northern New England to Alaska 

 (Yukon district); in winter, whole of eastern United States, and straggling westward 

 (Colorado, Utiih, Arizona, etc.), 



"Sp. Char. Everywhere of a grayish or dark ashy black, deepest anteriorly; the mid- 

 dle of the breast behind and of the belly, the under tail-coverts, and first and second ex- 

 ternal tail-feathers, white; the third fail-feather white, margined with black. Length, 

 ti.25; wing, about 3.01). In winter washed with brownish. Young streaked above and behiw. 



"The wing is rounded; the second quill longest; the third, fourth, 

 and fifth, successively, a little shorter; the first longer than the 

 sixth. Tail slightly rounded, and a little emarginate. In the full 



