EECLAMATION OF AEID LANDS NEWELL. 181 



is reduced in the opposite direction by becoming overloaded with 

 what he has lost. 



The average experienced irrigator, seeing that something is wrong, 

 and not recognizing that he himself is creating the mischief, clamors 

 for drainage. If he could have his way he would develop a system 

 of drains such that by having a steady stream of water flowing to the 

 farm, there would be an almost equal stream flowing away, washing 

 over or percolating through his soil. Such condition would result 

 in a few years in leaching the land to a mere insoluble skeleton. 

 This future contingency seems very remote in comparison with the 

 ease and pleasure of having an abundant stream of water available 

 at all times to turn to the fields or running out among his plants. 



These conditions are given at this time as illustrating the problems 

 which are incident to the present stage of development of the recla- 

 mation projects. On each of these a similar period of education of 

 the individual and of the community must be passed through. There 

 must be taught what is essentially a new art to men and women who 

 have acquired experience along other lines. Many of the farmers 

 must unlearn some of the things taught from boyhood, but as time 

 goes on, and as experience is had in the new home and under the new 

 climatic conditions, the importance of this matter gradually dawns 

 upon the settler. As payments are made and the responsibilities of 

 ownership become more deeply impressed, he sees the necessity of 

 various regulations and becomes more ready to cooperate in the gen- 

 eral welfare. 



The same lessons, however, must be learned on each of the projects, 

 and although one group may have passed through bitter experience 

 in losses through following wrong methods, another group must learn 

 the same lesson in the same way. 



LOCATION OF WORKS. ^ 



Reclamation projects, as before stated, have been begun in each of 

 the Western States and Territories, and there is given in the follow- 

 ing pages a review of the present condition of these, arranging the 

 descriptive matter alphabetically by States, and giving concisely the 

 physical features which are of interest or concerning which questions 

 are usually asked by the student of engineering. The location of 

 these projects is shown by the small map (fig. 1) which indicates by 

 the heavy black spots the relative position and outline of the projects 

 which are described. The structures are of all kinds and descriptions, 

 and on each project there may be from 3,000 to 5,000 distinct pieces 

 of work, these ranging from a great storage dam or tunnel, costing 

 a million or two million dollars, down to the smaller diversion dams, 

 headgates, flumes, bridges, culverts, and almost innumerable other 

 minor works. These are scattered over an area of from 20 to 200 



