608 ANNUAL, REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1910. 



the highest (for larger groups) in Europe; among the Slovaks, due 

 to the highly unfavorable local conditions, the percentage of analpha- 

 bets ranges from 32 to 42 per cent. 



As to occujDations, there are among the Bohemians 43 per cent 

 devoted to agriculture, 3G.5 per cent to industry, and 9.3 per cent to 

 transportation, while 11.1 per cent are in civil service. 



Tribal differentiation among the Bohemians has to a very large 

 extent disappeared. Highly interesting remnants of tribal differ- 

 ences, however, are met with in numerous localities, as indicated by 

 dress and certain habits of the people, and also in a few places by the 

 dialect. There are recognized three strains of these dialectic shades, 

 but none is of any special importance. 



Physically, the Bohemians are characterized by a good stature 

 (average of men 169.2, of women 157.3 centimeters) with a brachyce- 

 phalic skull of, on the average, a considerable capacity (Weissbach). 

 They are somewhat predominantly of a darker type, but blond and 

 mixed individuals and especially those with lighter-colored eyes are 

 quite common. It is evident that the type is not strictly homogene- 

 ous, but the differences are very largely only individual. 



THE SLOVENIANS. 



The Slovenians are the northwestern portion of the southern Slavs 

 and a remnant of a once powerful branch known at Slovieni, which 

 at the beginning of the Middle Ages spread over the territory between 

 the Pannonian bend of the Donau and the Adriatic Sea, reaching at 

 the same time far into the Alpine regions. 



Nothing is known historically as to the date and circumstances of 

 the first appearance of th6 Slovenians in this territory. It seems that 

 their penetration there had commenced at or even before the begin- 

 ning of the Christian era, but definite proofs of this supposition are 

 still lacking. What is certain is, that from the sixth century onward 

 the territory became filled with Slavs, and in the year 600 we read 

 that they were then imperiling Italy. They occupied what are now 

 the southern half of Lower Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Gorizia, 

 and Carniola, as well as a part of Tyrol and Upper Austria. This 

 distribution is authenticated by the topographical and historical 

 nomenclature as well as by a number of direct historical notes regard- 

 ing these Slav settlements. 



In the earlier part of their history, however, the Slovenians were 

 subjugated by the Avars. They were liberated from this yoke dur- 

 ing the first half of the seventh century, but during the eighth cen- 

 tury were overcome in turn by the Bavarians, who initiated a 

 progressive and long-lasting germanization. Still later, after the 

 invasion of the Magyars, germanization was rapidly replaced by 



