XI 
“typus”” or “typicus’? is removed to the older genus, of which it is quite 
likely not to be at all typical. 
5. Names given to immature stages are valid, but, as a rule, inad- 
visable. 
6. No generic or specific name (or that of their respective divisions) 
can acquire authority, unless accompanied by a description, or reference to 
a previous description, and cannot under any circumstances affect later syn- 
onymy. The casual citation of a name (not proposed as an “emendation” or 
as a “substitution”) cannot affect any future use of that name. 
7. Generic and subgeneric names should be written with a capital 
initial, specific always with a small initial letter. 
8. For purposes of priority, 1. subgenera rank as genera, if necessary; 
and 2. subspecies, varieties etc. similarly rank as species. 
NB. Names of subspecies, varieties etc., if adjectival, should be made 
feminine after “subsp.”, “var.’’ etc. This is very largely neglected, even by 
many authors who pose as classical scholars. 
9. The name of the describer of genera or species should be placed 
directly after the genus or species. Ex. 1. Cimex Linneus; 2. Cimer personatus 
Linneus. When a species is removed to another genus, the name of the 
original describer (of the species) to be placed in brackets. Ex. Reduvius per- 
sonatus (Linneus). To avoid confusion, it is better to write the names of 
authors in full; ex. “Linneus”, not “Linn.” or “Lin.” or “L.”. 
10. The typical subgenus (i. e. that which contains the type of the 
genus) must bear the same name as the genus. The typical subspecies or 
variety to be dealt with in the same way. 
11. In the case of 1. genera, 2. species, described in the same work 
(published on the same date), being synonymous, page precedence to have effect, 
NB. “Priority-by-page’’ has been compared to type-selection by “first 
species”, but I can see no analogy. Page-priority may be likened to the 
case of twins in primogeniture. 
12. When a specific name is not ‘preoccupied’, but ‘‘wrongly identi- 
fied’, the name cannot be used for the later species when removed to an- 
other genus. 
Ex. Cimex nobilis Sulzer was wrongly identified, C. nobilis Linneus being 
a different species. The Sulzerian species ought therefore to be cited not as 
Seutellera nobilis (Sulzer), as it is by Schouteden, but as S. perplexa Westwood. 
Similarly Motonecta minutissima Fabricius was a mistaken identification of 1. 
‘minutissima Linneus, and should therefore be termed Micronecta leachi Me Gregor 
and Kirkaldy. 
13. The case of preoccupied specific names is very difficult and the 
cause of much controversy. Some authors believe that if the preoccupied 
species has been placed validly in another genus by a later author, before 
‘it has been redescribed under another (valid) name, then the preoccupied 
jname should be used. Ex. Cimex albolineatus Fabricius 1781, described as a 
new species, was preoccupied by Goeze 1778. If no other specific name had 
been proposed till it was placed in another genus (e. g. Ancyrosoma), it would 
then be Ancyrosoma albolineata (Fabricius) — or perhaps better A. albolineata 
(Quidam). It was, however, named C. leucogrammes by Gmelin 1789, and 
