220 Dr. Cooper on Volcanoes 
One of 1329 had a coating of 8 inches. 
One of 166 - 1 
One of 1766 - non 
In Italy, they are of opinion that the Dean aa is 
better fitted than any other vegetable, to reduce the surface 
of Lava to earth. 
Lavas are either submarine, or terraneous. Where they 
repose on, and alternate with strata, manifestly of marine 
origin, they may be considered as submarine. The volca- 
noes that elevate islands—those that alternate with meaee” 
pore strata as in the West-India islands. The strata at the 
base of tna consisting of Limestone with shells, Lava, 
then Limestone, and Lava are doubtless eeaieriens ; for the 
shell limestone on Lava must be a marine deposit. 
Other Lavas bear marks of being poured Ps originally 
on dry land, Hewes floeetz basalt should prove to be Lava ; 
as the hill of Meisner, so Ger. de Soulavie says, he found 
wood cut with an ch. under a mass of Lava (Basalt) at 
Butaressa in a Aaveree The same kind of occurrence is 
noted by M. “iecmuneet at Meisner, where the Basalt 
three hundred feet thick covers a stratum of charred and 
bituminous wood in some places sixty or ninety feet high. 
Some of it cut in lengths with the marks of the Axe and the 
Saw. Journ. des Mines No. 22. Breislak. § 701. 
Saulavie says, that in upper: Vivarais none of the volca- 
noes were submarine, but lower down there are marks of 
the action of waves and the craters are obliterated. 2 Soul. 
353. A line of craters in that part of France, traced for 
sixty miles. 
The streams of Lava, fill up pelese and hollows. 
y are not conformable to the surface over which 
flow, longer than this fusion continues. They a sare 
in thick and deep incumbent masses, Seotjucat from sud- 
deni congelation, exhibiting peaked eminences, like the ice 
er in our great rivers. 
hey break through from below, and they cover from 
above, every stratum of rocks without discrimination, that 
they happen to come into contact with. They ma 
fiaers and marks of fire on the substances contiguous to 
The great mass fe Lava streams consists of Basalt ; 
amorphous, tabular, columnar and figurate, compact, Po- 
