Migrations in the Pacific Ocean. 319 
The whole number, adding the scattered islands, is far below 
half a million. : 
The languages spoken at these several groups are closely re- 
lated dialects of one language, a branch from the Malay of the 
East Indies. In no instance do they differ more decidedly than 
the Spanish and Italian languages, and usually the dissimilarity 
is much less. We cite the first few paragraphs, commencing 
the chapter on Orthography, to illustrate some of the analogies. 
“The elementary sounds proper to the Polynesian languages are 
fifteen in number, namely, the vowels a, é, 7, 0, U, and ten consonants, 
Fy, l, m,n, 1, py 8, t, v-” 
“The only dialect, so far as is known, in which all these letters are found, is 
that spoken in the two groups of Fakaafo (Union) and Vaitupu. In the other 
dialects some of these letters are dropped entirely, and others changed. 
In Samoan, the k is dropped, its place being indicated merely by a hiatus or 
catching of the breath, as ali’i for aliki, ’a’ono for kakono. 
“In Tongan, the k is retained, but the s is changed to h, as hahake for sasake, 
aho for aso. The t in this dialect, when it precedes 7, has a sound not unlike the 
English ch, or like ti in Christian; the missionaries have represented this sound 
by aj, as jino for tino, (pron. chino.) 
“The New Zealand dialect changes the s toh; the/ tor; the v to w; and the 
f before a and e to w; before o and u toh; and before i commonly to w, but some- 
times to A: as heke for seke, waka for vaka, ware for fale, veti for fetti, hoe for 
oe, huri for fuli, witi for fiti, and hia for fia. If two f's occur in the same word, 
preceding ana or an é¢, the first f is usually changed to w, and the second to h; as 
waha for fafa, wehe for fefe. 
“The dialects of Rarotonga [Hervey group] and Mangareva [Gambier group] 
lose both the f and the s entirely, and have r instead of 1; as are for fale, ae for 
sae. 
“The Paumotuan has the same elements as the New Zealand, except that the 
f is sometimes heard in the place of the w. Many of its words assume peculiar 
forms unlike those of any other dialect, as matew for matou, mauna for maua. The 
k is sometimes introduced in words where it does not properly belong, as reko for 
reo, kakwenei for akuenet. 
“he Tahitian dispenses with both k and »; the s is changed to h; the f be- 
fore a and e is commonly though not always retained ; before i and u it is replaced 
by h; the r also is used instead of 1; as ari’t for aliki, rai for lani, fa'a for faka, 
hou for fou. 
“In Hawaiian [Sandwich Islands], f and s are changed to h, 1 becomes n, w is 
used for v, (though the sound is properly intermediate between the two,) and the 
k is dropped, as in Samoan and Tahitian ; as hale for fale, lani for lani, wa’a for 
“The Nukuhivan [Marquesas] varies in different islands, and even in different 
districts of the same island. In Tahuata and the other southern islands the f is 
retained; the 1 becomes n, and the k is frequently omitted. In Nukuhiva, and 
* The vowels are pronounced as in Italian, ah, ay, ce,o,00. The letter a, 
(a Greek letter, but much resembling that used by Mr. Hale,) has the sound of ag. 
