$ Migrations in the Pacific Ocean. 329 
Farther confirmation of the origin of the natives from the Mar- 
quesas is drawn from some peculiarities of language ; for example, 
“the Marquesas and Hawaiian are the only dialects which use the 
proposition ma before the locative adverbs ;” “‘as a plural sign to 
denote a company or party ‘the Tahitian has pue; the Nukuhi- 
van (or Tahuatan) changes it to poe, like the Hawaiian,” &c. 
The Rarotongans or Hervey Islands, as well as the natives 
of Aitutaki consider Avaiki [Savaii] to be the country beneath, 
from which the first man, Mumuki, ascended to look for food. 
Throughout the Pacific, as Mr. Hale states, the same word means 
leeward, westward and below. A similar use of the words up 
and down with reference to opposite poimts of the eompass is 
common to most, if not all languages. The trade winds at the 
Hervey Islands blow usually from the southeast, and Savaii which 
lies to the northwest is therefore nearly as possible “below” them. 
The traditions of the islanders refer their origin to two canoes of 
natives, one from an island to the westward called Manuka (the 
name of one of the Samoan islands) and the other from Tahiti ; 
and the opposite sides of the island which they settled bear to 
this day the name of the leader in each, the former being called 
after Karika, Ngati-Karika, and the latter after their chief Tangiia 
Negati-Tangiia. Moreover the Tahitians have traditions of T'an- 
giia as a great navigator. We only glance here at Mr. Hale’s 
arguments, and pass on to the 
Gambier or Mangareva group, situated about a thousand miles 
to the eastward of the Society Islands. 
“Tn the manuscript vocabulary of the Mangarevan dialect, which I 
owe to the kindness of M. Maigret, formerly missionary to this group, 
is found the following definition: ‘ Avatki, bas, en bas; ko runga tenet, 
ko avaiki tena,—ceci est le haut, cela est le bas.” From this it would 
appear that Avaiki, which in the Hervey Islands, is used to signify the 
region beneath, has come to denote, in the Gambier group, simply Je- 
low, or that which is below. Examples of similar changes are not un- 
common in the other dialects. At the Navigator group the wind which 
blows from the direction of the Tonga Islands (i. e. from the south) is 
called the Tonga wind. At the Hervey and Society Islands, this same 
word (tonga and toa) is used as the general term for south wind. 
“A genealogy of the kings of Mangareva, drawn up by a native 
pupil of M. Maigret, with a few of the traditions respecting them, 
offers some points of considerable interest. The number of kings 
