153 
Nothing is gained by the use of such high temperatures, as a 
much lower one is equally effective. In fact a low temperature and 
longer time have been found to be superior. 
The French long ago learned the value of this remedy, and con- 
structed insect mills after the plan of coffee roasters; which for the 
farmer would probably answer a very good purpose. 
For elevators they had rooms fitted up and heated by steam, 
where as many as eight hundred sacks were treated at a time. 
After being submitted toa temperature of 135° Fah., and resifted, 
the grain was found to be perfectly cleansed. Messrs. Halliday 
Bros., of Cairo, Illinois, use for this purpose a dryer, such as is in 
use for drying grain for export, and find that it does very good 
service, a temperature of 200° to 250° Fah. for five minutes being 
sufficient. 
Of course care must be taken that all the grain is reached by the 
heat; hence, large amounts can not be readily managed. 
A room of this sort could be fitted up with steam pipes, and grain 
treated at a small expense per bushel, particularly where steam is 
used as power for elevating. 
The grain should be treated as soon after the moth has deposited 
its eggs as possible, and before the larva has reached its full growth, 
for then all the damage possible will have been done. The proper 
time, I think, will be found to be during August, or not later than 
September. It is very probable that wheat passed through this 
heating process and placed in a clean cool bin, which has been 
kept empty for some time previous to rid it of moths, can safely 
be kept during the winter, and far into the following spring, with- 
out sustaining any farther injury from this insect, if all windows or 
other openings are guarded by screens to keep the moths outside 
from entering. 
Heating grain as above directed, while it destroys all insects in- 
festing it, in whatever stage of development they happen to be at 
the time, does not in any way insure it against future attacks; 
hence care should be exercised to guard against reinfection. 
Threshing grain immediately after harvest is an old and efficient 
remedy, it having been demonstrated again and again that wheat 
threshed early and stored in clean, cool, dry bins, will sustain little 
or no injury, while grain from the same field stacked, and thrashed 
later, will be found badly eaten, particularly if the stacks happen to 
get damp in the meantime. 
Grain in such condition, if stored, will be sure to heat, and any 
rise in temperature causes in all cases increased activity in the pests. 
In fact, grain supposed to be free from insects in any stage, ae 
been stored : and, as long as kept cool suffered no injury; but, 
ponies damp and heating, these pests have developed in great nee 
ers. 
For the same reason, samples of grain kept in glass jars at a 
moderately high temperature, as in offices, have been totally ruined, 
although the grain appeared all right when put up. 
Elevating grain during cold weather, in order to keep it cool until 
late in the spring, only retards the development of the insects. 
When once fairly ensconced within the grain, there are compara- 
