145 
erinding process on the inner side, flattened internally, and crossed 
' by ridges, hike a millstone. The thorax is transversely quadrate, or 
nearly so, and the extremity of the abdomen is exposed beyond the 
wing covers. The legs are rather long, the first pair being armed 
externally with two or three teeth; and the claws are bitid at the 
tip. These beetles appear in vast swarms during the month of 
May—earlier or later, according to the season and the latitude. 
They are quite voracious, and often strip the leaves from both fruit 
and ornamental trees. Forest trees are likewise frequently attacked 
by them, especially the oak, but in this stage they do not attack 
the strawberry, all the damage to that plant being done by the 
larve in the ground. 
Soon after pairing, the female creeps into the earth, especially 
wherever the soil is loose and rough, and dies after depositing forty 
or fifty eggs. These hatch in the course of a month, and the grubs, 
growing slowly, do not commonly attain full size until the early 
spring of the third year, when they construct an ovoid chamber 
lined with a gelatinous fluid, change into pup, and soon after into 
beetles. Occasionally, however, individuals complete their trans- 
formation in the ground in autumn, and hibernate in the adult con- 
dition, without leaving their pupal cells until the followimg spring. 
The injuries done to the strawberry by this grub are similar to 
those inflicted upon other plants, as they devour both the princi- 
pal and fibrous roots. These injuries are most apparent, of course, 
in strawberry fields which have been newly set upon ground pre- 
viously infested -by the grub, especially upon old grass lands; but 
there is some evidence that the beetles lay their eggs freely in the 
strawberry fields themselves. 
This is one of the most unsatisfactory species with which the 
strawberry grower has to deal, and no efficient remedy has as yet 
been discovered for its ravages. The fact that the beetles are strongly 
attracted by light at night, during their most active season, may be 
used to lure them to destruction, by so arranging reflecting lamps 
or lanterns that the beetles flying against them shall drop into tubs 
et water upon which enough kerosene has been poured to form a 
m. 
The grubs in a field already planted can probably be success- 
fully combated only by digging them out and killing them by hand 
wherever their presence is betrayed by the withering of the plants. 
A promising field for experiment is afforded by the probability 
that fresh ‘gas lime may be used to advantage to clear of white 
grubs ground which has been previously infested by them, but 
which it is desired to use for strawberry plantations. ‘T'his sub- 
stance, being a waste product of gas works, can usually be had in the 
vicinity of towns, for the expense of hauling. In its fresh state it 
is fatal to vegetation, and can therefore be applied only when the 
ground is being plowed up for another crop. On exposure to the 
air, however, it parts with most of the sulphur, which-renders it 
injurious to plant-life, and becomes converted chiefly into carbonate 
and sulphate of lime, in which condition it is a valuable fertilizer 
for most soils. For the purpose of destroying the grubs in the 
