11 



No grasses should be allowed to grow in the nursery, especially 

 perennial grasses, as they afford breeding places for various species of 

 white grubs, (larva? of May-beetles), wire-worms, (larvae of elaters), 

 cut-worms, (various species of agrotis), army-worms, (leucania), and 

 also hiding places for numerous species of leaf-hoppers. 



(Mulching is not considered applicable.) 



In regard to the care of the plants themselves, it is important to 

 keep them free from injurious insects and fungoid growths, especially 

 the plant-lice, leaf-hoppers and leaf mildew. As one method of 

 accomplishing this object we advise the application of bi-sulphite of 

 lime or a compound of sulphur and lime. This may be prepared- by 

 breaking fresh lime in small pieces and mixing together one part of 

 sulphur and five parts of the quick lime, the latter to be then slacked 

 with boiling water and stirred during the slacking. Just enough 

 water should be used to reduce the lime to a fine, dry powder. Apply 

 this when the dew is on, as soon as leaf lice or mildew appears. 



(The above applies especially to the first year in the nursery.) 



4- Cultivation the Second and Subsequent Years in Nursery, as Applicable 

 Especially to the Apple. 



A. — The cultivation of the soil to be similar to that recommended 

 for the first year. 



B. — The trees to be kept clear of injurious insects, especially the 

 lesser apple leaf folder, (Tortrix malivorana), and other apple leaf 

 folders which fold and destroy the leaves, the only effectual remedy 

 being to pick and crush them ; also the apple leaf crumpler, [Phycita 

 nebulo~] which forms a little, crooked, horn-shaped case, and ties leaves 

 together, which should be gathered during the winter and crushed, 

 burned, or carried to a little distance from the trees and deposited, so 

 as to allow any parasites which may be in the larvre to develop them- 

 selves. The apple leaf skeletonizer is another insect which often does 

 great damage in the apple nursery, and should be picked and crushed 

 as soon as it begins to work, in June. These insects are especially 

 likely to attack trees of weakened vitality ; hence the clean, thorough 

 culture recommended is perhaps the best known preventive. [For 

 remedies for borers, see "Orchard Culture."] 



II. IN THE ORCHARD. 



1. Selecting a Site and Preparing the Soil. 



Inasmuch as orchards planted in a good soil with efficient drainage, 

 are less subject to insect depreciations and fungoid growths than those 

 on an uncongenial soil, it is important that such favorable site be 

 selected, and in such soil any preparation for the planting will be 

 suitable which would be the best for planting corn. The clearing of 

 the ground should be the same as recommended for nursery trees. 



2. Planting. 



Trees for planting in the orchard should be sound, healthy, free 

 from insects and the eggs of insects, especially bark lice, root lice, 

 borers, and the eggs of the white tussock moth. The root lice may be 

 destroyed as already indicated; but trees infested with bark-lice 

 should be reiected. 



