78 



The true eyes are called Oculi (singular Oculus), and are placed on 

 the side of the head. These are composed of numerous cells, which 

 can only be seen by a magnifier, and are hence called compound eyes. 

 Some specjes, as in many Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, and 

 Hemiptera, have two or three small eyes Ocelli, singular Ocellus), which 

 are usually placed on the head between the true eyes, sometimes below 

 or in front of them. 



The Labrum is the upper lip; the Mandibles are the upper or outer 

 jaws and are of a horny texture. The Maxillae are the lower or inner 

 jaws, and are softer and more pliable than the mandibles. Attached 

 to the mouth are short, jointed appendages, resembling small anten- 

 nae; these are the Palpi, (singular Palpus). There is sometimes a 

 small, distinct piece just above the upper lip, next the face, called the 

 Clypeus. 



The thorax, or middle division of the body, which bears the wings 

 and legs, is divided into three regions corresponding with the three 

 segments of the larva which are coalesced to form it. The first or 

 front portion is the Prothorax, and is the part which is usually termed 

 the thorax in describing Coleoptera. The upper portion, as in the 

 grasshoppers, is the Pronotum, the underside the Prosternum — this part 

 bears the first pair of legs. The middle portion (Mesothorax) bears the 

 second or middle pair of legs and the first or upper wings. The third 

 or posterior portion (Metathorax) bears the third or hind pair of legs 

 and the second or lower wings. The upper wings, when used as covers 

 for the lower wings, and not as organs of flight, as in the Coleoptera, 

 Orthoptera, and many of the Hemiptera, are called Elytra (singular 

 Enlytro). The term wings is usually applied to the lower or true 

 wings in tl^e orders, sometimes to the t.vo pairs taken together, but 

 never to the Elytra alone without some qualifying word. In the other 

 orders, where both pairs are of a similar form and texture, all receive 

 the name "wings."* 



The different parts of the legs have received distinct names. Thus, 

 the short piece by which they are attached to the body, is the Coxa ; 

 the next, which is usually elongated and generally the largest piece, 

 is the thigh or Femur ; the next or shank is the Tibia, and lastly the 

 foot or Tarsus is composed of a number of minute joints, the last gen- 

 ally terminating with two claws. Sometimes there exists between 

 the Coxae and Femur a small piece called Trochanter. 



Many of the Coleoptera have a small triangular piece between the 

 elytra at the base, which is called the Scuttlelum. This is also met 

 with in other orders, but varying according to the nature of the 

 species. 



The abdomen, or posterior division of the body, is composed of a num- 

 ber of rings, called segments, and is without legs or wings. 



The apex or tip, which is the hinder extremity, is sometimes fur- 

 nished with two, more or less, elongated appendages, which have re- 

 ceived various names, as cerci, setae, etc. The females in man} 7 species, 

 as some of the hymenoptera, some orthopteria, etc., have a* more or 

 less elongated appendage at the tip of the abdomen, which is called 

 the ovipositor, or egg-layer, with which they penetrate the bodies of 

 other insects, the bark of trees and plants, the ground and other sub- 

 stances, for the purpose of depositing their eggs. 



