94 



ilc, from their large size, hard, horny texture, and great size of the 

 jaws (mandibles) of the males, which, in some, are curved like the 

 horns of cattle, and in ethers, branched like the antlers of a stag. 

 They are oblong, rounded behind, the width across the wing cases is 

 about half the length ; the head in the male is broad, equal to or 

 exceeding the thorax in width, in the female it is much narrower, 

 and is somewhat roughly punctured. The antennae are rather long. 

 and elbowed in the middle, the first joint usually as long as all the 

 rest, the last three or four at the tip forming a comb-like club. The 

 upper jaws or mandibles largely developed, especially in the males, 

 and extend forward considerably in advance of the head, like strong 

 sickles. The color is generally a bright polished uniform mahogany 

 brown, though quite a number of s >ecies are black. Ac ording to 

 Dr. Harris they lay their eggs in the crevices of the bark of trees, es- 

 pecially near the roots; I have frequently captured the L. clcphas on 

 the tulip-tree (poplar of southern Illinois) near the roots; also on th'- 

 oak. The larvae of the species named below are thick, fleshy, nearly 

 cylindrical, whitish grubs, somewhat elongate body, but moderately 

 wrinkled, slightly enlarging toward the posterior extremity and 

 curved; the last segment the longest; the head brown, furnished with 

 strong jaws; six thoracic feet, that is, six feet situated on the first 

 three segments behind the head. They live in the trunks and roots 

 of trees, especially decayed trees, logs and stumps. According to Dr. 

 Harris they even bore into the solid wood, thus frequently doing 

 considerable injury to the trees they penetrate. 



When about to enter the pupa state they construct oval cocoons out 

 of the chips and dust they make, in which they undergo their last 

 transformation. 



The perfect insects make their appearence usually between the 

 last of June and the first part of August, according to latitude. This 

 season they were common in the central and southern part of the 

 state in July. 



LUC ANUS ELEPHAS — Fabl\ 



This species is usually rather more than one inch and a quarter in 

 length, exclusive of the jaws, which, in the male, are about three- 

 quarters of an inch long, with a strong tooth, and several minute 

 black teeth on the inner margin, and are forked at the tip; the jaws 

 of the female are rather less than one-third as long as those of the 

 male. The leg; are rather slender and long. The entire back is of a 

 polished mahogany brown, without grooves or furrows ; the breast is 

 covered with yellow silken hair. The head of the male in this spe- 

 cies is considerably broader than the thorax. 



This is found in Southern Illinois, but I believe its range does not 

 extend further north than the central part of the State. According 

 to my observations this species appears to be especially fond of oaks 

 and tulip trees (poplars), the latter being preferred where it abounds, 

 and I fancy that, as this tree is fast disappearing for lumber, I can 

 notice this species is disappearing in a corresponding ratio, while the 

 following is increasing in numbers : 



Spec. Char. Imago. — The male has the mandibles enormously devel- 

 oped, very strongly curved ; on the inner side nearest the base is a 



