ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF ANTHROPOID APES. 81 



upper bone, with six smaller bones below. In older 

 animals the body of the sternum appears to consist 

 of a tier of three bones connected together. The 

 ribs resemble those of the human skeleton, the 

 lavicle is long and straight, and the scapula also 

 resembles that of a man in form. The flat 

 pelvic bones of the orang also turn outwards ; the 

 ischiatic bones are short, with spatula-shaped tube- 

 rosities ; the pubic arch is high, and the obturator 

 foramen is narrow and oval. The sacrum and 

 coccyx do not resemble a rudimentary tail so much 

 as in the case of the anthropoids we have already 

 described. We are reminded of the human structure 

 in the humerus, of which the shaft is much curved 

 behind, and on its outer side. The ulna is very 

 slender, and provided with a protracted, jagged 

 styloid process. The neck of the radius is tapering, 

 while its shaft is arched like that of the ulna, and 

 the anterior border and oblique line are sharp. The 

 wrist, metacarpus, and fingers are long and narrow. 



The femur of the orang is remarkable for its 

 large head, shaped like a section of a sphere, and 

 its slender shaft. The latter is less bent than in the 

 gorilla. The patella, which, in my opinion, should 

 be classed among the so-called sesamoid bones, is in 

 this case of an irregular form. The shank and foot- 

 bones are remarkably slender. The scaphoid is 

 tapering ; the head of the astragalus does not turn 

 inward so much as in the gorilla. The hinder sur- 

 faces of the metatarsal bones and of the phalanges 

 turn decidedly outwards. 



We have now to consider the bony structure of 



