ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF ANTHROPOID APES. 101 



and a quarter to nine and three-quarter inches. In 

 Europeans of normal height, this interval is seldom 

 less than ten inches, and it is more commonly eleven 

 inches in women, and twelve in men. The shortness 

 of the neck, as well as the relatively small size of the 

 brain-pan, and the large size of the face may the more 

 readily be taken as an approximation to the simian 

 type, since all apes are short-necked, and the relative 

 distance of these animals is somewhat further from 

 the negro than that of the negro from the Euro- 

 pean. This shortness of the neck in the negro 

 explains his greater carrying power, and his prefer- 

 ence for carrying burdens on his head, which is 

 much more fatiguing to the European on account of 

 his longer and weaker neck.* 



Burmeister's assumption on this subject is, how- 

 ever, much too general. It does not apply to 

 many of the negro races — at any rate, not to those 

 of the Upper Nile valley. A long, thin neck is 

 the characteristic of the Funje, Shillooks, Denkas, 

 Baris, and other large tribes of those regions. 

 Among these people the interval between the top 

 of the head and the shoulder is from ten to 

 eleven, and even from* eleven to twelve inches (240 to 

 260 mm., and 260 to 286 mm.). Burmeister has 

 been thinking exclusively of the Brazilian blacks. 

 Yet I am unable to trace the typical short neck, 

 either in the well-known portraits of slaves by 

 Maurice Rugendas,! or in the collection of photo- 



* Oeologische Bilder zur Geschichte der Erde und ihrer Bewohnev, 

 ii. 120 : Leipzig, 1851-53. 



f Voyage jpittoresque dans le Bresil : Paris, 1839. 



