SUMMARY. 291 



arms, display mauy points of resemblance with man. 

 It is shown even in separate organs of the body — as, 

 for instance, in the ear. The illustrations given in 

 the second chapter of the ears of apes, including 

 that of the gorilla, were intentionally taken by me 

 from such specimens as had least resemblance to 

 man, and yet even in these a certain likeness must 

 be recognized. 



I have already observed that the old males of 

 an anthropoid species are always further removed 

 from man than the young, and this is especially the 

 ease with the gorilla. The head of an aged male 

 gorilla, with its great cranial crests and powerful 

 jaw, displays striking differences from the human 

 type. This is an important fact, since in the case 

 of man we almost w ithout exception regard the fully 

 developed male adult as the typical form. 



In considering the limbs, the differences between 

 the arms and hands of man and those of anthropoids 

 are apparent, but less striking than in the case of the 

 lower limbs. For the prehensile foot of apes has in 

 it something abnormal which distinctly differs from 

 the human foot, adapted for walking. Nor can the 

 prehensibility of the human toes in certain cases be 

 directly compared with the prehensibility of an 

 ape's foot, in which the great toe has the action of a 

 thumb. Haeckel remarks that newly born children 

 can also take a strong grip with the great toe, and 

 if a spoon is inserted they can hold it with the foot 

 as firmly as with the hand.* This power is, however, 

 only partial and subordinate, compared with the 



* Anthropogenie, p. 482 : Leipzig, 1874. 



