298 ANTHROPOID APES. 



and metal periods, yet, speaking generally, they will 

 admit that the times in which stone instruments, 

 and those in which bronze and iron instruments 

 were chiefly used, present tokens of actual epochs in 

 historical culture. As we know, there are also 

 certain phases of development in the Stone Age. In 

 its earliest stages the rudely shaped and unworked 

 tool could not procure for its owner any regular 

 shelter : he lived in caves, clefts, or under a scanty 

 covering of leaves, and made use of his tool in 

 killing wild animals ; in cutting wood ; in preparing 

 skins, tendons, and gourd-vessels ; in dismembering 

 the prey obtained in hunting; and in extracting 

 marrow from bones. With the art of shaping and 

 sharpening these stone tools, a progressive improve- 

 ment in the conditions of human life went hand in 

 hand. 



We can picture to ourselves the physical and 

 psychical conditions of the first and earliest men of 

 the Stone Age as those of extremely rude savages, 

 but who were endowed with the gift of working out 

 for themselves higher conditions of life. 



In the year 1868 Colonel Laussedat, of the Berlin 

 Academy of Sciences, exhibited the lower jaw of a 

 rhinoceros, found in the Miocene at Billy, AUier, in 

 which there was a notch which must, in the opinion 

 of many naturalists, have been made by the hand of 

 man. The Abbe Delaunay found in the Miocene of 

 Pouance, Maine-et-Loire, the rib of a Halitherium, 

 which was notched, and which likewise appeared to 

 have been subjected to human manipulation. 

 Garrigou is of opinion that certain bones found at 



