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sparrows, and four large white grubs in one of this species, out of five 
hundred and twenty-two specimens examined. 
To this list I can add only the crow* and the blue jay, on the au- 
thority.of Dr. B. H. Warren, author of the “Birds of Pennsylvania,” 
the chuck-will’s widow (“Insect Life,” Vol. II., p. 189), the king bird 
(Lintner) and the crow blackbird, whose habit of picking up white grubs 
after the plow is a matter of common observation. 
Of these twenty species, taking into account their numbers and 
their feeding habits, I judge that the robin, the catbird, the brown 
thrush, and the crow blackbird devour much the largest numbers of 
these insects,t although it is possible that if the smaller insectivorous 
hawks—the sparrow hawk especially—were permitted to increase freely 
they would equal or surpass any of these, because of the greater number 
of insects which they take at a meal. Chickens, ducks, and turkeys are 
fond of white grubs, and may often be seen scattered over freshly plowed 
ground in search of them and other subterranean insects. 
Mammals.—The only native mammals known to feed on these in- 
sects in any considerable numbers are moles, ground squirrels, and 
-skunks—none of them very likely to be tolerated by the farmer, what- 
ever may be their insectivorous habits. 
Among the domestic animals, pigs are well known as eager hunters 
for white grubs, in search of which they diligently root up an infested 
turf a fact which may sometimes be advantageously applied for the 
protection of corn to follow upon grass. 
Insects.—The special insect enemies of the white grubs now on 
record belong to three or, possibly, four species, two of them hymenop- 
terous and one dipterous, a second dipterous insect bred by us from 
dead white grubs being doubtfully parasitic. To this number I am 
able to add another hymenopterous parasite, Pelecinus polyturator, a re- 
markable insect whose larval history has heretofore been wholly un- 
known. From a collection of white grubs obtained from an orchard at 
Champaign, Illinois, May 9, 1892, and kept in a breeding cage at my 
office insectary, a specimen of Pelecinus polytwrator emerged August 
26, 1892. As the parasite was seen in the act of emerging from its 
pupal envelope, there can be no doubt of either the fact or the date.§ 
An examination of the remains of the grub containing the pupa skin of 
the parasite showed that the former belonged to the species L. gibbosa. 
My office specimens of the adult of this parasite are recorded under nine 
collection numbers, all bearing dates in late summer and early fall— 
July 21, 26, August 1, 2, 11, 16, 28, and September 1 and 16. It is 
hence probably single brooded, maturing in July and August. 
Perhaps the most destructive insect enemy of the white grub is 
Tiphia inornata, Say, a hymenopterous species which we have never 
bred, but which has been reported by Dr. Riley** to occur occasionally 
* Townend Glover also records the destruction, by crows, of great numbers 
of both grubs and beetles. 
+ Nine out of forty-four robins shot by me in April, May, and June had eaten 
June beetles; six catbirds out of forty-one; and twelve brown thrushes out of 
forty-three. f 
+ Raccoons and bears, both of which are said to be fond of these insects (‘‘In- 
sect Life,’ Vol. IL., p. 373) are still less likely to be permitted to indulge their lik- 
ing. Badgers and weasels are said by Riley to devour the grub (Sixth Mo. Rep.). 
§ The adult Pelecinus, its pupa skin, and the remains of the parasitized grub 
are all in my laboratory collection. (Nos. 188438, 18844, and 18845.) 
** Sixth Ann. Rep. State Ent. Mo., p. 122. 
