chinch bug, has never been found by us infesting Lachnosterna larve in 
a state of nature, although these larve have been proven quite suscep- 
tible to it in the course of our experimental work. June beetles have 
been frequently found, however, with this fungus growing upon their 
dead bodies, but, for all that is clearly known to the contrary, it may 
have taken its start upon them after the death of the beetles. 
In Europe, according to Giard and Krassilstschik, three diseases of 
the European white grubs have been detected: one of them due to a 
fungus infection by the species most commonly known as [saria densa, 
Link (= Botrytis tenella, Saccardo) ; and the other two, bacterial dis- 
eases studied by the last-named author. 
These fungous diseases will be more fully treated in the following 
section, where numerous experiments for the infections of the white 
grubs will be described in some detail. 
PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. 
If we use the word remedy for measures intended to arrest an in- 
jury already begun, and prevention for measures applied in advance of 
such injury, we must say that efficient remedies for the injuries of white 
grubs are but little applicable to their work in corn, and that we are 
confined consequently, for the main purposes of this article, to a dis- 
cussion of preventive measures only. Such measures of prevention may 
be either local or general: applied, in the first case, to the field in which 
corn is to be planted, and intended to forestall injury in that field only ; 
or, in the second case, applied elsewhere or more comprehensively, with 
a view to a more general effect in reducing the number of white grubs - 
over a larger area. 
Local preventive measures can take effect only on the white grubs 
themselves, while the most valuable general measures are those directed 
to the destruction of the June beetles before their eggs are laid. 
Local Prevention.—lIt is now well settled, as has been shown in the 
preceding pages, that at least some species of the white grubs may be 
freely and abundantly bred in fields of corn; but it still remains true 
that by far the greater number of those in the country at any time have 
arisen from eggs laid by the beetles in ground bearing a crop of grass; 
and that corn is consequently much more likely to be damaged if planted 
on sod than if it follows clover, some small grain, or corn itself. 
The first effort of the corn farmer threatened by these insects should 
consequently be directed to clearing the grubs out of the grass land 
which he wishes to plant to corn. For this purpose it is very desirable 
that hogs*should be pastured for a considerable time on meadows or 
pastures before plowing for corn, and that they should also be given the 
run of the field while it is being plowed. This measure will be practi- 
cally useless, however, under ordinary circumstances, if resorted to later 
than October or earlier than April, as in the interval between these 
months the grubs will be beyond the reach of pigs, buried in their win- 
ter quarters. 
Further, I do not, myself, in the least doubt the great profit to the 
average farmer of providing for the collection of white grubs after the 
plow, by hand, in soil where they are particularly abundant, especially 
where any kind of cheap labor may be had. In estimating the value of 
