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less to expect any pronounced effect from isolated and individual action. 
They can only be carried out by previous agreement of those interested, 
by the offer of premiums for the beetles, or by the passage and enforce- 
ment of laws bearing equally upon all. In estimating the value of these 
methods it should be remembered that each female beetle is the average — 
equivalent of a large number of grubs. 
In illustration of the effectiveness of the first mentioned of these 
methods, I quote from notes of Assistants Marten and Hucke, made in 
1891. . 
May 19, 2:40 a.m. Shaking the trees in the university forest plan- 
tation made the beetles fall very easily, the second shake generally get- 
ting all, or nearly all, there were in a tree. ‘Those shaken from the 
trees made no effort to fly up again, and only one such came to the lan- 
tern trap near by. 
3:45 a.m. The beetles apparently as abundant as ever on butter- 
nut and hickory. The lightest shake of either of these trees brings 
down the beetles by dozens. Butternut trees six to eight inches in dia- 
meter drop them in considerable numbers when shaken by the hands— 
so easily are they detached. 
From other notes it is apparent that the June beetles cling more 
closely to the trees early in the evening,—from eight to ten o ’clock,— 
a fact doubtless to be connected with the gradual stupefying effect of 
the night dews and the cooler air towards morning. 
This is the standard method in both France and Germany for the 
control of injuries by the European white grubs. The results at- 
tained in the former country are shown by an “article, “La Chasse aux 
Hannetons,” published in the Revwe des deux Mondes for 1878. In 
consequence of an offer of premiums for beetles in the department of 
Seine-Inférieure, 1,149,000,000 of these cockchafers were collected and 
paid for in that year, at an expenditure of $16,000. It was estimated 
that these beetles would have given origin the following year to 23,000,- 
000,000 white grubs. The proprietor of an establishment for the manu- 
facture of sugar from beets, whose crop was seriously affected by the 
ravages of the grubs, offered a prize of $4 for each one hundred kilo- 
grammes (about two hundred and twenty pounds avoirdupois) of the 
beetles, and obtained as a consequence 28,000,000 cockchafers,—equiva- 
lent to 560,000,000 grubs the following year.* 
Details of the common procedure in France are given by A. Wallés 
in “Bulletin de la Société Centrale d’Apiculture “et d’Insectologie” 
for June, 1890. “It would be a mistake,” he says, “to wait until the 
eockchafers [English name for the European equivalent of our June 
beetles] have emerged, since the whole benefit of the capture of the 
beetles will be lost if the females are civen time to lay their eggs. Meas- 
ures for the destruction of these insects must be taken, consequently, from 
the time that a few begin to appear. Further, if in certain parts of the 
territory involved the capture of the beetles is neglected, the good effect 
of the procedure will be considerably diminished. These two points are 
essential and imperative. 
* Similar statements concerning enormous collections and their cost in Ger- 
may ane elven in Taschenberg’s Practical Entomology (Praktische Insektenkunde) 
te) ” » Pp. 
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