RED DEER 29 
thighs, and under-parts ; this blackness of the under-parts also character- 
ising the summer coat. The large and massive antlers are generally 
less complex than those of the western races, the number of points being 
seldom more than eight on a side, and frequently only six ; while the 
bez-tine, which may be wanting, is often shorter than the long and 
Antlers of Eastern Red Deer, from the Carpathians, in the Powerscourt Collection. 
upwardly curved brow-tine, and the fourth tine is generally more dis- 
tinct from the crown. The average weight is given as about 560 lbs. 
The typical locality of the maral is the Caspian provinces of Northern 
Persia, whence this or allied races extend into the Crimea, and prob- 
ably Asia Minor, and so on into Transcaucasia, the Caucasus, probably 
Circassia, and the Galician Carpathians. In the Marmaros district of 
