ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 
— Owner’s measurements and particulars, or other known authority. 
& Male. @ Female. ... Unrecorded. 
R, Right horn or antler. L, Left horn or antler. 
Measurements are usually on the outside of the longest horn from base to 
tip; but in Deer from the bottom edge of the burr, or coronet, to the highest 
tip-point, except when notified to the contrary. 
Circumference is at the base; in most Deer above brow-tine, but in the Red- 
Deer and Wapiti group between bez and trez tines. 
Length is expressed in inches, when not otherwise stated. 
Weights taken in the field should be accepted as approximate, and, unless 
the contrary is stated, are those of adult males. 
Heights are in most cases taken at the shoulder of adult males (see p. 518). 
N.B.—Unless the contrary is stated, the specimens and illustrations are those 
of males. 
