REINDEER 83 
Antlers of Woodland Caribou. From a specimen in the British Museum. 
The REINDEER or CARIBOU (Rangifer tarandus). 
Distinguished from all other deer by the presence of antlers in both 
sexes ; those of males being complex, with the brow-tines palmated 
and often unsymmetrical, and the bez, or second tine, also generally 
expanded. The muzzle is hairy, the ears and tail are short, and the 
throat has a fringe of long hair. The coat is very thick, and typi- 
cally dark cinnamon-brown in colour above, with the limbs, a flank- 
band, and some of the under-parts darker, the neck lighter, and more 
or less white in the region of the tail, on the under-parts, and fetlocks. 
In R&. 4 montanus the whole neck and lower surface are chocolate- 
brown, but in most American races there is some white in these regions, 
and R. ¢. pearyz, of Ellesmereland, is almost wholly white. The false 
or lateral hoofs are unusually large and spreading ; and there is a patch 
of long white hair covering a gland on the hock, but none on the hind 
cannon-bone. Glands between main hoofs. Height at shoulder reach- 
ing to 4 feet 10 inches (Newfoundland). Hinds weigh between 224 
and 280 lbs. 
Reindeer inhabit the circumpolar regions of both hemispheres, in 
Europe including Scandinavia, Lapland, and Northern Russia ; their 
southern limit varies from 52° to 54 N. latitude, while they extend 
to between 80° and 81° northwards. 
