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called the cherry scale, while the San Jose scale may be equally 

 abundant on the apple, peach, pear, cherry, and plum. The Forbes 

 and Putnam scales can scarcely be told apart by the appearance 

 of the scale-like covering-, but the latter is commonly found on 

 shade trees and occurs on but few of the fruits, and then rarely in 

 any abundance. The final distinction between all these scales is 

 found in the microscopic characters of the body of the insect be- 

 neath the waxy covering-, and consequently cannot be resorted to 

 by the ordinary observer. 



The fact that these ring--and-nipple scales are not easily dis- 

 ting-uished from each other, and that without expert help the San 

 Jose scale itself may be readily confused with any one of the other, 

 relatively harmless, kinds, makes it necessary in winter nursery 

 work that the nurseryman should take extraordinary precautionary 

 measures whenever aiiv one of these scales is found on his stock. 

 Whatever may be his own opinion as to the species detected, speci- 

 mens should be sent at once to the office of the Entomoiog-ist for 

 critical study and precise determination. If they should unfor- 

 tunately prove to be of the San Jose species, the case becomes one 

 for leg-al requirement, under instructions from the State Entomolo- 

 gist's office; but even if they prove to be one of the relatively harm- 

 less species, they are likely to be the cause of grave suspicion to 

 any customer who may chance to be superficially acquainted with 

 the characters of the San Jose scale. It is my opinion, conse- 

 quently, that a complete extermination in the nursery of this entire 

 group of scales is the only sensible program. It must be admitted, 

 however, that stock infested with the relatively harmless Forbes or 

 Putnam scales may be made fit for market by thoroug-h spraying 

 with a solution of whale oil soap, made by boiling two pounds of 

 the potash soap in two gallons of water until the whole is dissolved. 

 The mixture should be strained to exclude grit and applie : while 

 hbt, since on cooling it becomes too thick to spray. It must be ap- 

 plied with thoroughness to every part of an infested tree, including" 

 all the surfaces of every branch and twig. 



An almost equally effective application is the kerosene emul- 

 sion, diluted to contain fifteen per cent, of kerosene and applied 

 when the leaves are off the trees. To make this emulsion, dissolve 

 eight pounds of hard soap (or five quarts of soft soap) in ten gal- 

 lons of soft water and heat to boiling. Put ten gallons of kerosene 

 into the barrel in which the spray pump stands. Strain the boil- 

 ing soap-water into the barrel and start the pump. By means of a 

 short hose with a reducing nozzle the soap solution and oil should 

 be pumped forcibly back into the barrel. Ten minutes of thus 



