priiii'ipal (lil'tVrtMu-cs sulninlinatr toll\osi> arc ihir to * lit't'iMHM kh's in size, 

 lunnber, aiul fooiliuij; liabits ot' tlie insocts fcMU'cnuNl. 



A siu'kiuij; insoct, nuM'ol\- picM'ciui;' tlio tissuo witli ilu> ildicato bristle- 

 like striu'tui-es of its beak ami w ithdi-aw iiiii iVom tlu> ailaceiit parts the 

 more tUiiil portions of the cell ei>uteuts. may, it' very small, drain aiul 

 deailen iH\ly a few iieiiihboring- eells, thus eausitiu; a mimit(> disi-oloreil 

 speek. insi^niticaut unless these injuries are very nniniM-ous. Such are 

 the injuries done l\v leaf-hoppers and other n\inute sut-kinj;- species of 

 active halnt, each ileadeneil speck evident \- representiuu- a sinii;le n\eal 

 of the insect , which nioN'Cs to anotluM- point , or ptM'haps to another |)lant , 

 for its next, riant-lice, on the other hand, which chaiiiiie their location 

 with dilliculty and reluctanc(\ eai'h remaining, as a rule, about where it 

 was born, ai'cuuuilate in patcht>s or colonies as tlu>y multiply, and, 

 cU>sely occupyiuii; a lari;er surface, so ct)ncentrate their injury as to do 

 much m(H-e serious ilamaiie. If injuries of this sort ar(> great ly multi- 

 plied, as by nuiltitudes o'i the chinch bugs, the whole leaf is kilU^l outi-ight. 



(Jnawing and biting insects ditVer sin\ilarly with re^jiect to the mag- 

 nitude and seriousness of their injuries. Some of the small size with 

 feeble biting t)rgans merely gnaw away the more su|>tMiicial and softtM- 

 parts of the leaf, leaving the vein structures untouched, and causing 

 disci>lored specks not unlike those due to leaf-hoppers; .somewhat larger 

 kinds make small holes through \\\v leaf like pin-pricks or slu)t holes; 

 anil still larger ones, siich as grasshoppers, eat awa\' the edge of the 'eaf 

 or gnaw large and irregular holes through it, avoiding nothing but the 

 heavy midrib and the stronger \eins. ( Irasshoppers son\etimes sti'ip the 

 whole leaf to the midrib, and cat awa\' all but the tougher and thicktM' 

 part of this. 



furious pai'allel rows of pivcisely imila • holes, lunning across the 

 corn leaf, are made by the corn bill-bugs, which thrust their stiff snouts, 

 or " bills." into the young plant where its leaves are rolled together, and 

 eat out ilu^ interior by means o{ minute j:l^\■^ borni^ at the tip o'i the 

 snout. 



To the Stitlk. 'VUe stalk of thi* plant is injured by tlii> loss of sap 

 ilrauied away by sucking in.sects, oH which the chinch-bug is the most 

 destructive; by a mining of its interior by caterpillars, like tlu> stalk- 

 borers, which enter it from the outside; by the punctures autl feeilings 

 of the t'orn bill-bugs, which siidv theii- beaks into its substance and eat 

 out its soft interior tissue; and by the gnawing of i\ few large' beetles 

 {Lifljinis. Allorhina. etc.). which eat out large cavities in its side. It is 

 similarly gnawed anil irregularly i^atiMi, wIumi young, by sod web-worms; 

 it is cut off at or near the ground by cutworms, and in raiv in>tances 

 by ants (riHionomi/rnicx Ixtrluitus): and devoured, with the rest of the 

 young plant, by army-worn\s and garden web-worms, liuler ground it 

 mav be gnawed out or eaten through from side to siile b\- wirewnrms. 



