CHERMESIDyE IN RELATION TO BRITISH FORESTRY. 1 37 



settle actually on the buds of thin shaded branches. Each 

 larva secretes long, single, coarse strands of " wool," which 

 give it a plumose appearance. Thus protected the larvae pass 

 the winter. The first-stage larvcX wake up during April, feed, 

 moult three times and become adult about mid-May. Each 

 female lays 50-100 brownish-green eggs under the protection 

 of copious "wool." The effects of the sucking of the 

 Fundatrices is clearly visible by the end of May. The needles 

 of the opening bud remain stunted ; they are pale in colour, 

 except at the tips, which are frequently rose-coloured. 



(2) Gallicola Generatioti. — The larvae hatch out during June. 

 As a result of their feeding the galls close up about mid-June. 

 Larvae, hatching out later, have to remain on the outside of 

 the gall, and their presence is characteristic for galls of this genus. 

 The growing points are usually killed so that the galls terminate 

 the twigs (Plate II. Fig. 2). The development within the gall is 

 very variable. In some cases the three moults have taken 

 place and the nymph stage reached by the middle of July. 

 The galls open and the nymphs climb out. They moult and 

 became winged adult females. These red Gallicolae settle on 

 the spruce on which they were born, or on adjacent spruce. 

 Each female secretes " wool " and lays 20-40 orange-coloured 

 eggs. These eggs hatch in two to three weeks and give 

 Fundatrices. In other galls development is slower, such galls 

 opening in August or in September. 



Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.). 



The life-cyle of this species consists of five generations — 

 Fundatrix to Sexuales. It is passed on spruce and larch and 

 takes two years to complete. 



(i) Fundatrix Generation. — The Fundatrix hatches from a 

 fertilised &gg in August. Appearance, hibernation, and develop- 

 ment is as in Cn. lapponicus. 



(2) Gallicola Generation. — The formation and appearance of 

 the gall on spruce is as in Cn. lapponicus. Development within 

 the gall of this species, however, is rapid and uniform. The 

 galls open during the first half of July. The red nymphs climb 

 out and moult on the needles surrounding the gall. The red 

 Gallicolae migrantes migrate to the needles of larch and there 

 lay 20-30 brownish eggs. No " wool " is secreted by the 



