ofathoms 
100 
200 
o Meter 
75°N Lat. 
400 
1906. No. 3. AMUNDSEN’S OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS IN 1901. 27 
on Dr. Knipowitsch’s sections from July and August, 1901, and on Dr. 
Breitfuss’s observations from August 1904, and 1903, and to some extent 
also 1902. The construction of the north eastern part of the map, the 
sea between Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land, is based on Admiral 
Makarofi's observations from August, 1901. 
Vertical circulation. The cooling of the sea-surface by heat radia- 
tion is very considerable during the winter, in the Barents Sea, and a 
100 : 
300 Kilometer 
o 
6 o so 120 180 naut miles 
Fig. 3. Section, Aug. 1904, from Russian Stat. 9 (71° 43‘ N., 50° 25' E.) to Stat. 19 
° o! N., 32° 18‘ E.), see line Fig. 1. Horizontal Scale 1 : 6,000,000. Vertical Scale 300 
times exaggerated. The dotted lines are isopyknals for 6, = 27°90, 28°00, and 28°10. 
Fig. 4. Section, May 1904, from Russian Stat. 7 (70° 30‘ N., 36° 40' E.) 
to Russ. Stat. 9 (71° 30‘ N., 37° 52° E.), see line Fig. 1. Horizontal and 
vertical Scale same as in Fig. 3. 
very deep vertical circulation is thus produced}, Vertical series of 
temperatures and salinities taken in the spring, show as a rule distinct 
traces of this vertical circulation in most parts of the Barents Sea, but 
especially over the banks. Amundsens southern Stations, especially 
I Dr. Knipowitsch has specially discussed the seasonal changes in temperature and 
salinity. Cf. op. cit. pp. 299 et seq. 
