1906. No. 3- AMUNDSEN’S OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS IN 1901. 53 
the opposite direction, perhaps coming from the Barents Sea; and both 
waters are deflected against the slopes by the Earth's rotation. The 
water with a maximum above —1° C. at Makaroff’s Station 7, is probably 
the same kind of water which is seen at Makaroff’s Stat. 67 (Fig. 1), at 
about 100 metres, with a maximum about o°C. (Pl. IT). This water is 
obviously a branch from the warm intermediate water found at Breit- 
fuss’s Stations 60, 61, and 62, in his section to the southwest! (see Fig. 2, 
p. 26). This water is probably moving northeastwards along the right- 
hand side of the valley, being more and more cooled on the way by 
intermixture with the surrounding colder water. It is seen that this 
warm water is lying higher, about 100 metres, than the warm inter- 
mediate water of the North Polar Basin. At Stat. 7 it has nearly 
disappeared (see map for 100 metres Pl. II, and for 200 metres PI. III) 
and the maximum has been lowered to greater depths, as the upper 
part of the-warm water has been more cooled by intermixture with the 
overlying cold waters. 
It is a remarkable fact that in the northern part of Makaroff's most 
western section in this region, published by Knipowitsch?, there are 
also traces of the intermediate warm water of the North Polar Basin, 
but the temperature of this water is here lowered to between —0'3 and 
—0'8° C. It forms a bottom-layer at the Stations 61, 62 and 66 (see 
Fig. 1, M 61, M 62, M 66, p. 24) which, however, in this enclosed 
submarine valley?, has no very open communication with the warmer 
water of the submarine valley to the east (Stats. 77 and 84), and from 
which it may possibly be separated by a ridge preventing the warmest 
water of the latter stations from flowing westwards. It is, however, 
noteworthy that also in this section the warmer bottom-water does only 
occur in the northern part of the section, and is distinctly separated 
from the intermediate warm water coming from the Barents Sea, in the 
southern part, which rests on very cold bottom-water with tempera- 
tures below —1°5° C. The latter may probably be moving along the 
slope northeastwards. It is very unfortunate that no samples of this 
cold .bottom-water were brougth home, and its salinity is therefore 
! There is probably a ridge between the depression of Breitfuss's section and that of 
Makaroff’s Stats. 67 and 60, which prevents the warm water, below 200 metres, from, 
flowing northeastwards. 
Loc øk Pl. 6, Fin 6 
3 It may also be possible that this valley communicates with the North Polar Basin to 
the north through a channel southwest of Franz Josef Land, and that the warmer bottom- 
water has come that way, being gradually cooled by intermixture with colder water. 
