Be 
1906. No. 3. AMUNDSEN’S OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS IN 1901. 59 
trustworthy, for on the one hand the determinations by Mr. K. Rördam 
of specific gravity and chlorine are obviously very inaccuratel, and on 
the other hand the water-bottle used, has obviously not closed tightly. 
The Danish Ingolf Expedition in 1895—1896 made some very 
valuable oceanographic work in the waters round Iceland, and between 
Iceland and Jan Mayen”, which have been used for constructing the 
oceanographic charts (Pl. V) of this part of the sea. The temperatures 
were taken with Reversing Thermometers from Negretti and Zambra, 
and also by some of Knudsen’s own construction. The thermometers 
were carefully controled, and the temperatures appear to be very trust- 
worthy. The salinities obtained during this expedition are, however, 
not sufficiently accurate for the present purpose. There are sometimes great 
irregularities in the series, which are evidently erronous; they must 
probably be ascribed to the water-bottle (Sigsbee Water-Bottle) which 
has not been reliable; in this manner the much too low salinities may in 
many cases, be explained. But the salinities are frequently also too 
high, as is best seen where samples have been taken from the deep cold 
strata which in many cases gets a much too high salinity, even after 
the values bave been reduced by 0'05 °/,, in order to make them com- 
parable with those of M. Knudsens Tables. 
At the request of O. Pettersson and G. Ekman, Professor S. 
Arrhenius took, on board the Virgo of the Andrée Expedition, a 
series of Stations (Arr. I—VI, Pl. V) west of Northern Spitsbergen. The 
water-samples as well as the temperatures were taken with a Pettersson 
Insulated Water-Bottle. The results of the observations are described 
by O. Pettersson and G. Ekman?. The thermometer was inserted 
after the bottle came up, which is apt to make the determinations of 
temperature inaccurate, and besides, the insulation of the water-bottle 
has not been sufficient for the greater depths, or the releasing arrange- 
ment of the water-bottle has not worked properly; for the temperatures 
obtained, are very improbable in several cases, especially for 850 metres 
(Stats. IV and VI). The salinities are also somewhat irregular and 
obviously erronous in several cases. According to the values of tempe- 
Cf. Nansen, Oceanography of N. P. Basin, p. 407. 
12 
Martin Knudsen, Hydrography, Danish Ingolf-Expedition, vol. ı, No. 2, Copenhagen, 
1898. 
3 O. Pettersson, G. Ekman, and P. T. Cleve, Die Hydrographischen Verhältnisse 
der oberen Wasserschichten des Nördlichen Nordmeeres zwischen Spitzbergen, Grön- 
land und der Norwegischen Küste, 1896 und 1897, Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad 
Handlingar, vol. 23, Sect. II, No. 4, Stockholm, 1898. 
