1906. No.3. AMUNDSEN’S OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS IN 1901. 65 
Norway and Spitsbergen), in February 1903 (between Norway and Jan 
Mayen); 
Expedition of Capt. C. Ryder in June, 1891, and Aug. 1892 (bet- 
ween Greenland, Iceland, and Jan Mayen); 
Expedition of Admiral Makaroff, on board the "Yermak” in June 
and August, 1899 (Bear Island and Spitsbergen); 
Expedition of Dr. Knipowitsch July and October, 1901 (Barents 
Sea, and between Norway and Bear Island); 
Expedition of Dr. Breitfuss in August and October, 1902 (Ba- 
rents Sea). 
In order to illustrate the vertical distribution of Temperature, Sali- 
nity, and Density in the region of Amundsen's Stations 13—23, Sections 
IV—X (Pls. VI—XI) have been constructed. 
Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Temperature and Salinity in the 
Region of Amundsen’s Stations 13—23. 
The sections in connection with the maps (Pl. V) give a very clear 
picture of the vertical and horizontal distribution of temperature, salinity, 
and density in this northern region, The oceanographic conditions of 
the region of Amundsen’s Stations are seen to be in several respects 
strikingly different from those of the surrounding regions, with the ex- 
ception of the Stations 302, 303, and 304 of the Norwegian North 
Atlantic Expedition 1878, (see Section IV, Pl. VI) where there have 
evidently been much the same conditions!. 
In Amundsen’s region the isotherm of —1° C. of the bottom-water 
(having a salinity of about 3490—34'02 °/oo) rises to within a very short 
distance below the water-surface, especially in the eastern central part 
of it — about Stations 13, 14, 15 and 16 (see especially Section IX, 
Pl. X, and also Sections IV and V). The reason why the isotherm rises 
so high especially at these Stations, is evidently to some extent because 
they were taken earlier in the season (in June) than the others, and the 
cold heavy water had not yet sunk to the depth reached later, in July. 
1 There has probably been no intermediate warm water-stratum at these Stations, the 
temperatures have continuously decreased downwards as at some of Amundsen’s Sta- 
tions, and under these circumstances Mohn’s thermometers have probably given fairly 
trustworthy readings. The tollowing thermometers were used at these stations: four 
Miller-Casella Deep-Sea (maximum and minimum) Thermometers, one Buchanan Mercury 
Piezometer, two Casella-Buchanan Thermometers, and one Negretti and Zambra Re- 
versing Thermometer. 
Vid.-Selsk. Skrifter. I. M.-N. Kl. 1006. No. 3. 5 
